May 2009 Volume 10 Number 5, pp 445 - 551
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Poster on Antigen processing and presentation
Understanding the processes and mechanisms of antigen processing and presentation provides us with crucial insights necessary for the design of vaccines and therapeutic strategies to bolster T-cell responses.
This Poster provides an updated overview of the intracellular pathways and mechanisms by which antigens are captured, processed and loaded onto MHC class I, class II and CD1d molecules for presentation to T cells.
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EDITORIAL
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The final push? p445
Over 20 years ago, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was
launched. Today, polio is still endemic in four countries.
doi:10.1038/ni0509-445
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ESSAY
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Aimez-vous Brahms? A story capriccioso from the discovery of a
cytokine family and its regulators pp447 - 449
Do you delight in Brahms? Do you delight in immunology? Tada
Taniguchi recounts the story of Type 1 interferon and its
downstream regulators.
Tadatsugu Taniguchi
doi:10.1038/ni0509-447
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Local advantage: skin DCs prime; skin memory T cells protect
pp451 - 453
How the immune system responds to local infection and establishes
protective immunity in susceptible tissues remains unclear. Two new
studies show that local tissue-resident dendritic cells prime
cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and that memory cytotoxic T
lymphocytes remain in the tissue to provide antiviral immunity.
Akiko Iwasaki
doi:10.1038/ni0509-451
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=38&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Gaining entry to an uninflamed brain pp453 - 455
Little is known about how pathogenic T cells gain access to the
uninflamed brain in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis. A new study reports that interleukin 17-producing
T helper cells enter the uninflamed central nervous system through
the choroid plexus by a CCR6-CCL20-dependent mechanism.
Robert C Axtell and Lawrence Steinman
doi:10.1038/ni0509-453
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=111&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Crohn's disease-associated Nod2 mutants reduce IL10 transcription
pp455 - 457
The 3020insC mutation in Nod2 is associated with Crohn's disease,
but how it influences disease pathogenesis is unknown. A new study
shows that the 3020insC mutant protein fails to activate a key
transcription factor that drives interleukin 10 expression,
resulting in reduced production of this anti-inflammatory cytokine.
Dana J Philpott and Stephen E Girardin
doi:10.1038/ni0509-455
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The Foxo and the hound: chasing the in vivo regulation of T cell
populations during infection pp457 - 458
T cell expansion and contraction during the immune response to
pathogens are regulated by a wide variety of cell-intrinsic and
cell-extrinsic factors. A new study identifies a role for CTLA-4
signaling and activation of the Foxo3 transcription factor in
modulating T cell populations.
Elia D Tait and Christopher A Hunter
doi:10.1038/ni0509-457
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Research Highlights p459
doi:10.1038/ni0509-459
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REVIEW
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Autophagy genes in immunity pp461 - 470
Herbert W Virgin and Beth Levine
doi:10.1038/ni.1726
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=56&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=93&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ARTICLES
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A Crohn's disease-associated NOD2 mutation suppresses transcription
of human IL10 by inhibiting activity of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein
hnRNP-A1 pp471 - 479
Several NOD2 mutations are associated with a greater risk of
Crohn's disease. Ma and colleagues show that the 3020insC Nod2
mutant actively suppresses IL10 transcription by interfering with
phosphorylation of the nuclear ribonucleoprotein hRNP-A1.
Eiichiro Noguchi et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1722
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=37&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=9&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Autophagy enhances the presentation of endogenous viral antigens on
MHC class I molecules during HSV-1 infection pp480 - 487
MHC class I presentation of viral peptides aids CD8+ T cell
recognition of infected cells. Desjardins and colleagues describe
an MHC class I viral peptide presentation pathway that integrates
autophagosomes and proteasome-dependent processes.
Luc English et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1720
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=87&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=25&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cross-presentation of viral and self antigens by skin-derived
CD103+ dendritic cells pp488 - 495
The functions of individual dendritic cell subsets in the skin
are unclear. Heath and colleagues now show that langerin-positive
CD103+ dermal dendritic cells are the main migratory subtype able
to cross-present antigen.
Sammy Bedoui et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1724
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=21&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=40&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Divergent functions for airway epithelial matrix metalloproteinase
7 and retinoic acid in experimental asthma pp496 - 503
Inhaled allergens induce many changes in airway function.
Kheradmand and colleagues show that matrix metalloproteinase
7 activates the cytokine interleukin 25 and inhibits retinoic
acid-mediated induction of regulatory T cells, thereby heightening
allergic responses.
Sangeeta Goswami et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1719
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=106&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=28&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Transcription factor Foxo3 controls the magnitude of T cell immune
responses by modulating the function of dendritic cells pp504 - 513
Foxo transcription factors influence a wide variety of cellular
responses. Hedrick and colleagues show that dendritic cells express
Foxo3 to suppress the production of interleukin 6 and prevent
excessive accumulation of antigen-specific T cells.
Anne S Dejean et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1729
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=2&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=67&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
C-C chemokine receptor 6-regulated entry of TH-17 cells into the
CNS through the choroid plexus is required for the initiation of EAE
pp514 - 523
Whether TH1 or TH-17 cells initiate experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis is unclear. Sallusto and colleagues now show
that CCR6+ TH-17 lymphocytes initiate it by entering the brain
through the choroid plexus.
Andrea Reboldi et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1716
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=39&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=83&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local
immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus pp524 - 530
The relationship between peripheral and recirculating memory cells
remains mostly undefined. Carbone and colleagues present evidence
of tissue-resident memory T cells that can provide protective
immunity at points of pathogen entry.
Thomas Gebhardt et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1718
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=11&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=99&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
T cell antigen receptor signaling and immunological synapse
stability require myosin IIA pp531 - 539
T cell antigen receptor signaling occurs in microclusters that
coalesce into immune synapses. Bretscher and colleagues show that
myosin IIA is required for directed microcluster movement and
sustained T cell antigen receptor signaling.
Tal Ilani et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1723
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=110&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=63&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
HoxC4 binds to the promoter of the cytidine deaminase AID gene to
induce AID expression, class-switch DNA recombination and somatic
hypermutation pp540 - 550
The cytidine deaminase AID is required for antibody gene
diversification. Casali and colleagues show that the transcription
factor HoxC4 is expressed in germinal centers and is required for
AID expression.
Seok-Rae Park et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1725
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=94&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=109&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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CORRIGENDUM
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Corrigendum: ADAR1 is essential for the maintenance of hematopoiesis
and suppression of interferon signaling p551
Jochen C Hartner, Carl R Walkley, Jun Lu and Stuart H Orkin
doi:10.1038/ni0509-551a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=102&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ERRATUM
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Erratum: IL-4 inhibits TGF-beta-induced Foxp3+ T cells and,
together with TGF-beta, generates IL-9+ Foxp3- effector T cells
p551
Valerie Dardalhon et al.
doi:10.1038/ni0509-551b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=55&m=32292564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NDc1MTg5ODcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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