NATURE
1 April 2010 Volume 464 Number 7289, pp 649 - 804
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Nature News Special: The Human Genome at Ten
As scientists prepare to celebrate a decade since the draft human
genome, Nature asks whether the sequence has delivered the insights
that were anticipated. What lessons have been learned from the first
post-genome decade?
Access selected content free online and listen to this week's FREE
Nature Podcast for more on this topic.
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Help Nature gauge the impact of the human genome sequence on scientists
and their research by taking part in a brief editorial survey.
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EDITORIALS
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The human genome at ten pp649-650
Nearly a decade on from the completion of the draft sequence of the
human genome, researchers should work with the same intensity and
focus to apply the results to health.
doi:10.1038/464649a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=92&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
A new row to hoe p650
The time is right to revitalize US agricultural research.
doi:10.1038/464650a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=105&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Climate science: No solar fix p652
doi:10.1038/464652a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=102&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Genomics: DNA packaging unravelled p652
doi:10.1038/464652b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=60&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Addiction: Junk-food junkies p652
doi:10.1038/464652c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=65&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Photonics: Carbon light catcher p652
doi:10.1038/464652d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=72&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Neurodevelopment: Baby talk pp652-653
doi:10.1038/464652e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=77&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Metabolism: Fat from fructose p653
doi:10.1038/464653a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=130&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Ecology: Mothers stress kids out p653
doi:10.1038/464653b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=99&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Nanotechnology: Small salt superconducts p653
doi:10.1038/464653c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=114&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Neuropsychology: Morality of murder p653
doi:10.1038/464653d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=108&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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JOURNAL CLUB
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Journal club p653
Leonid Padyukov
doi:10.1038/464653e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=126&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS
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News briefing: 1 April 2010 pp654-655
The week in science.
doi:10.1038/464654a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=183&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Geoengineers get the fear p656
Researchers fail to come up with clear guidelines for experiments
that change the planet's climate.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/464656a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=270&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
River reveals chilling tracks of ancient flood p657
Water from melting ice sheet took unexpected route to the ocean.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/464657a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=267&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Space probe set to size up polar ice p658
Europe's ice-monitoring project gets a second chance after 2005
launch mishap.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/464658a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=265&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Synching Europe's big science facilities p659
Momentum grows for body to coordinate the continent's research
infrastructure.
Cristina Jiménez
doi:10.1038/464659a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=263&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Japan plans nuclear power expansion p661
Proposal for eight new reactors and nuclear fuel reprocessing faces
public opposition.
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/464661a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=306&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Rule poses threat to museum bones p662
Law change will allow Native American tribes to reclaim ancient bones
found close to their lands.
Rex Dalton
doi:10.1038/464662a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=303&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Gene flaw found in induced stem cells p663
Key difference between reprogrammed adult mouse cells and embryonic
stem cells discovered.
Elie Dolgin
doi:10.1038/464663a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=301&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Correction p663
doi:10.1038/464663b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=286&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS FEATURES
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Human genone at ten: Life is complicated pp664-667
The more biologists look, the more complexity there seems to be.
Erika Check Hayden asks if there's a way to make life simpler.
Erika Check Hayden
doi:10.1038/464664a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=292&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Human genome at ten: The human race pp668-669
What was it like to participate in the fastest, fiercest research race
in biology? Alison Abbott talks to some of the genome competitors
about the rivalries and obstacles they faced then — and now.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/464668a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=274&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Human genome at ten: The sequence explosion pp670-671
doi:10.1038/464670a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=276&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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COLUMN
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World view: Missing weapons pp672-672
The US defence department should be at the centre of the nation's
energy policy, says Daniel Sarewitz.
Daniel Sarewitz
doi:10.1038/464672a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=271&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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CORRESPONDENCE
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Sceptics and deniers of climate change not to be confused p673
Jeremy Kemp, Richard Milne and Dave S. Reay
doi:10.1038/464673a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=120&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Fishermen contribute to protection of marine reserves p673
Joachim Claudet and Paolo Guidetti
doi:10.1038/464673b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=36&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Public database for HIV drug resistance in southern Africa p673
Tulio de Oliveira, Robert W. Shafer and Christopher Seebregts
doi:10.1038/464673c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=31&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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OPINION
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Has the revolution arrived? pp674-675
Looking back over the past decade of human genomics, Francis Collins
finds five key lessons for the future of personalized medicine -- for
technology, policy, partnerships and pharmacogenomics.
Francis Collins
doi:10.1038/464674a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=33&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Multiple personal genomes await pp676-677
Genomic data will soon become a commodity; the next challenge --
linking human genetic variation with physiology and disease -- will
be as great as the one genomicists faced a decade ago, says
J. Craig Venter.
doi:10.1038/464676a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=27&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Point: Hypotheses first p678
There is little to show for all the time and money invested in genomic
studies of cancer, says Robert Weinberg -- and the approach is
undermining tried-and-tested ways of doing, and of building, science.
This Opinion piece is part of a linked pair; see also Counterpoint:
Data First by Todd Golub.
Robert Weinberg
doi:10.1038/464678a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=29&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Counterpoint: Data first p679
Large, unbiased genomic surveys are taking cancer therapeutics in
directions that could never have been predicted by traditional
molecular biology, says Todd Golub. This Opinion piece is part of a
linked pair; see also Point: Hypothesis First by Robert Weinberg.
Todd Golub
doi:10.1038/464679a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=51&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BOOKS AND ARTS
----------------------
A reality check for personalized medicine p680
Bringing genetic information into health care is welcome but its
utility in the clinic needs to be rigorously reviewed, caution Muin
J. Khoury, James Evans and Wylie Burke.
Muin J. Khoury, James Evans and Wylie Burke review Personal Genomics
and Personalized Medicine by Hamid Bolouri
doi:10.1038/464680a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=49&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
How ocean stirring affects climate p681
Stefan Rahmstorf reviews The Great Ocean Conveyor: Discovering the
Trigger for Abrupt Climate Change by Wally Broecker
doi:10.1038/464681a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=47&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Lost curve hits a nerve pp681-682
Alison Abbott reviews Die Helmholtz Kurven: auf der Spur der
verlorenenZeit (The Helmholtz Curves: In Search of Lost Time)
by Henning Schmidgen
doi:10.1038/464681b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=45&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Books in brief p682
Joanne Baker
doi:10.1038/464682a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=43&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Cell biology forum: Genome-wide view of mitosis pp684-685
An exceptionally large-scale project aimed at assigning function to
all protein-coding genes in the human genome is reported on page 721
by Neumann et al.. Here are two complementary views on the
experimental design and analysis, and on how useful the findings will
be to cell biologists.
Jason R. Swedlow, Cecilia Cotta-Ramusino and Stephen J. Elledge
doi:10.1038/464684a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=8&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Quantum mechanics: The surf is up pp685-686
Researchers have long wanted to be able to control macroscopic
mechanical objects in their smallest possible state of motion. Success
in achieving that goal heralds a new generation of quantum experiments.
Markus Aspelmeyer
doi:10.1038/464685a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=11&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Stem cells: Skin regeneration and repair pp686-687
Different types of stem cell maintain the skin's epidermis and
contribute to its healing after damage. The identity of a stem-cell
type that gives rise to different epidermal-cell lineages has just
been revealed.
Cedric Blanpain
doi:10.1038/464686a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=4&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Early Earth: Faint young Sun redux pp687-689
Given that the Sun was dimmer in its youth, our planet should have
been frozen over for much of its early history. That it evidently
wasn't is a puzzle that continues to engage the attention of Earth
scientists.
James F. Kasting
doi:10.1038/464687a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=6&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Drug discovery: Fat-free proteins kill parasites pp689-690
The addition of a fatty acid to certain proteins is vital for the
survival of protozoa that cause sleeping sickness and of their
mammalian hosts. Compounds that target this process in the protozoa
are now reported.
George A. M. Cross
doi:10.1038/464689a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=24&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Physiology: There is no single p pp691-693
Why metabolic rates do not vary in direct proportion to body mass has
long been the subject of debate. Progress has been made with the
realization that no universal scaling exponent can be applied to them.
Craig R. White
doi:10.1038/464691a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=23&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
50 & 100 years ago p693
doi:10.1038/464693b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=15&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Exotic matter: Another dimension for anyons pp693-694
Non-Abelian anyons are hypothesized particles that, if found, could
form the basis of a fault-tolerant quantum computer. The theoretical
finding that they may turn up in three dimensions comes as a surprise.
Chetan Nayak
doi:10.1038/464693a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=19&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Astrophysics: Cosmic acceleration confirmed p694
Ana Lopes
doi:10.1038/464694a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=309&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Obituary: Joanne Simpson (1923-2010) p696
Meteorologist who brought the study of clouds to the forefront of
Earth science.
Robert A. Houze, Jr
doi:10.1038/464696a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=319&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS ARISING
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FTO effect on energy demand versus food intake pE1
John R. Speakman
doi:10.1038/nature08807
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=322&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=328&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Fischer et al. reply pE2
Julia Fischer et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08808
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=218&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=323&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ARTICLES
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Quantum ground state and single-phonon control of a mechanical
resonator pp697-703
Quantum mechanics provides an accurate description of a wide variety
of physical systems but it is very challenging to prove that it also
applies to macroscopic (classical) mechanical systems. This is because
it has been impossible to cool a mechanical mode to its quantum ground
state, in which all classical noise is eliminated. Recently, various
mechanical devices have been cooled to a near-ground state, but this
paper demonstrates the milestone result of a piezoelectric resonator
with a mechanical mode cooled to its quantum ground state.
A. D. O'Connell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08967
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=219&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=279&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Origins and functional impact of copy number variation in the human
genome pp704-712
Much genetic variation among humans can be accounted for by structural
DNA differences that are greater than 1 kilobase in size. Here, using
tiling oligonucleotide arrays and HapMap samples, a map of 11,700 copy
number variations (CNVs) bigger than 443 base pairs has been generated.
About half of these CNVs were also genotyped in individuals of
different ancestry. The results offer insight into the relative
prevalence of mechanisms that generate CNVs, their evolution, and
their contribution to complex genetic diseases.
Donald F. Conrad et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08516
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=221&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=293&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Genome-wide association study of CNVs in 16,000 cases of eight common
diseases and 3,000 shared controls pp713-720
Copy number variants (CNVs) account for a major proportion of human
genetic diversity and may contribute to genetic susceptibility to
disease. Here, a large, genome-wide study of association between
common CNVs and eight common human diseases is presented. The study
provides a wealth of technical insights that will inform future study
design and analysis. The results also indicate that common CNVs that
can be 'typed' on existing platforms are unlikely to contribute much
to the genetic basis of common diseases.
Nick Craddock et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08979
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=222&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=300&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Phenotypic profiling of the human genome by time-lapse microscopy
reveals cell division genes pp721-727
High-throughput microscopy combined with gene silencing by RNA
interference is a powerful method for studying gene function. Here,
a genome-wide method is presented for phenotypic screening of each of
the ~21,000 human protein-coding genes, using two-day imaging of
dividing cells with fluorescently labelled chromosomes. The method
enabled the identification of hundreds of genes involved in biological
functions such as cell division, migration and survival.
Beate Neumann et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08869
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=214&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=245&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors as new leads to treat sleeping
sickness pp728-732
African sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei species, is
responsible for some 30,000 human deaths each year. Available
treatments are limited by poor efficacy and safety profiles. However,
a new molecular target for potential treatments has now been
identified. The protein target is T. bruceiN-myristoyltransferase. In
further experiments, lead compounds have been discovered that inhibit
this protein, kill trypanosomes in vitro and in vivo, and can cure
trypanosomiasis in mice.
Julie A. Frearson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08893
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=215&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=238&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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=====================================================================
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Intense star formation within resolved compact regions in a galaxy
at z = 2.3 pp733-736
Massive galaxies in the early Universe have been shown to be forming
stars at high rates. Probing the properties of individual star-forming
regions is beyond the resolution and sensitivity of existing telescopes.
Here, however, observations are reported of the galaxy SMMJ2135-0102
at redshift z=2.3259, which has been gravitationally magnified by a
factor of 32 by a galaxy cluster lens in the foreground. The physics
underlying star formation here is similar to that in local galaxies,
but the energetics are very different.
A. M. Swinbank et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08880
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=216&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=259&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Generation of electron beams carrying orbital angular momentum
pp737-739
Light beams can be engineered to carry orbital angular momentum, with
application as, for instance, optical 'spanners' -- essentially a
'twisted' variant of the more familiar optical tweezers. Here it is
shown that it is, in principle, possible to engineer similar behaviour
into an electron beam. Such a beam could find use in a variety of
spectroscopy and microscopy techniques.
Masaya Uchida and Akira Tonomura
doi:10.1038/nature08904
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=217&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=106&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Identification of Younger Dryas outburst flood path from Lake Agassiz
to the Arctic Ocean pp740-743
Our current concepts of abrupt climate change are influenced by
palaeoclimate evidence for events such as the Younger Dryas cold
interval, in which massive climate changes occurred essentially
instantaneously. It is thought that an injection of fresh water from
the retreating Laurentide Ice Sheet altered the Atlantic meridional
overturning circulation and triggered the Younger Dryas, but convincing
geological evidence has been elusive. Here, a major flood event that
is chronologically consistent with the Younger Dryas has been
identified--through the MacKenzie River into the Arctic Ocean.
Julian B. Murton et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08954
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=225&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=119&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
No climate paradox under the faint early Sun pp744-747
It has been inferred that, during the Archaean eon, there must have
been a high concentration of atmospheric CO2 and/or CH4, causing a
greenhouse effect that would have compensated for the lower solar
luminosity at the time and allowed liquid water to be stable in the
hydrosphere. Here it is shown, however, that the mineralogy of
Archaean sediments is inconsistent with such high concentrations of
greenhouse gases. Instead it is proposed that a lower albedo on the
Earth helped to moderate surface temperature.
Minik T. Rosing, Dennis K. Bird, Norman H. Sleep and Christian J. Bjerrum
doi:10.1038/nature08955
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=226&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=56&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Hominins on Flores, Indonesia, by one million years ago pp748-752
Evidence for hominin activity on Flores, Indonesia, has been thought
to go back at least 800,000 years, as shown by fission-track dating
at Mata Menge in the Soa Basin. However, new research at another
locality in the Soa Basin uses the more accurate technique of
40Ar/39Ar dating to show that hominins were living on Flores at least
a million years ago.
Adam Brumm et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08844
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=229&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=61&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Curvature in metabolic scaling pp753-756
It has been thought that the basal metabolic rate of organisms
increases as body mass is raised to some power, p. But the value of
p has proved controversial, with both 2/3 and 3/4 being proposed. It
is found here that the relationship between mass and metabolic rate
does not follow a pure power law at all, and requires a quadratic term
to account for curvature. Taking temperature and phylogeny into
account, this explains why different data sets have produced different
exponents when a power law has been fitted.
Tom Kolokotrones, Van Savage, Eric J. Deeds and Walter Fontana
doi:10.1038/nature08920
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=246&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=73&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
The genome of a songbird pp757-762
The genome of the zebra finch -- a songbird and a model for studying
the vertebrate brain, behaviour and evolution -- has been sequenced.
Comparison with the chicken genome, the only other bird genome
available, shows that genes that have neural function and are
implicated in the cognitive processing of song have been evolving
rapidly in the finch lineage. Moreover, vocal communication engages
much of the transcriptome of the zebra finch brain.
Wesley C. Warren et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08819
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=248&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=182&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Impaired hippocampal-prefrontal synchrony in a genetic mouse model
of schizophrenia pp763-767
A deletion on human chromosome 22 (22q11.2) is one of the largest
genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. Mice with a corresponding
deletion have problems with working memory, one feature of
schizophrenia. It is now found that these mice also show disruptions
in synchronous firing between neurons of the prefrontal cortex and
of the hippocampus, an electrophysiological phenomenon that has been
linked to learning and memory and which is also thought to be disrupted
in schizophrenia patients.
Torfi Sigurdsson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08855
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=241&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=176&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Understanding mechanisms underlying human gene expression variation
with RNA sequencing pp768-772
There is much interest in understanding the genetic mechanisms that
underlie individual variations in gene expression. Here, RNA
sequencing has been used to study gene expression in lymphoblastoid
cell lines derived from Nigerian individuals for whom extensive
genotype information is known. Numerous genetic determinants of
variation in gene expression were identified, including variation in
transcription, splicing and allele-specific expression.
Joseph K. Pickrell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08872
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=243&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=180&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Transcriptome genetics using second generation sequencing in a
Caucasian population pp773-777
Here, sequencing has been used to characterize the mRNA fraction of
the transcriptome in Caucasian individuals, to provide a fine-scale
view of transcriptomes and to identify genetic variants that affect
alternative splicing. Measuring allele-specific expression identified
rare expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) and allelic
differences in transcript structure, revealing new properties of
genetic effects on the transcriptome.
Stephen B. Montgomery et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08903
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=237&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=205&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Identification of two evolutionarily conserved genes regulating
processing of engulfed apoptotic cells pp778-782
In multicellular organisms, apoptotic cells are removed from tissues
by phagocytes, which recognize and engulf the dying cells. The
molecular mechanisms underlying the subsequent degradation of the
cells have been unclear. Here, two evolutionarily conserved genes
have been identified that are required for such processing in
Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. An understanding of these events
could lead to new treatments for diseases associated with poor
engulfment and destruction of dying cells.
Jason M. Kinchen and Kodi S. Ravichandran
doi:10.1038/nature08853
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=239&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=197&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Spatial control of EGF receptor activation by reversible dimerization
on living cells pp783-787
Signalling through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is
preceded by its dimerization, which has typically been thought to
occur through a ligand-induced conformational change. Here, the
dimerization dynamics of individual EGFR molecules have been
determined in living cells in real time, using a quantum-dot-based
approach. Unliganded EGFR molecules undergo spontaneous and reversible
dimerization; these pre-formed dimers are primed for ligand binding
and signalling and are enriched at the cell periphery.
Inhee Chung et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08827
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=233&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=201&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
NINJA connects the co-repressor TOPLESS to jasmonate signalling
pp788-791
In plants, the hormone jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) regulates growth,
development and defence against pathogens. Proteins of the JAZ family
repress JA-Ile-dependent gene expression, but the mechanism has been
unclear. Here, an adaptor protein, NINJA, has been identified, which
recruits co-repressor proteins that are known to mediate
auxin-responsive gene expression as well. Hence these co-repressors
are part of general repression complexes that are recruited to several
different signalling pathways.
Laurens Pauwels et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08854
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=235&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=155&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Phosphorylation of histone H3T6 by PKC[bgr]I controls demethylation
at histone H3K4 pp792-796
The amino-terminal tails of histone proteins are subject to a variety
of post-translational modifications; addition or removal of these
'marks' facilitates gene activation or silencing. Here, a mechanism
is defined that modulates the activity of the dual-specificity histone
demethylase LSD1 during androgen-dependent transcription.
Androgen-dependent signalling through protein kinase C beta I leads to
phosphorylation of a histone amino acid, which prevents demethylation
of an adjacent amino acid by LSD1.
Eric Metzger et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08839
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=256&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=151&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NAUTREJOBS
----------------------
News
Keystone takes minority views on board p799
Symposia bring young minority scientists into conference-planning
process.
Kendall Powell
doi:10.1038/nj7289-799a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=137&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Prospects
The method and madness of publishing p799
Publishing papers involves bureaucratic and clerical challenges.
Marwan Azar suggests ways to cope.
Marwan Azar
doi:10.1038/nj7289-799b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=140&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Careers and Recruitment
Gatekeeper's burden p800
It takes a special combination of thick skin and scientific enthusiasm
to be a journal editor. Kendall Powell gets tips from a chosen few.
Kendall Powell
doi:10.1038/nj7289-800a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=138&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
The balance scale p804
A matter of life and death.
Shelly Li
doi:10.1038/464804a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=169&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
Advance Online Publication
----------------------
31 March 2010
Caspase activation precedes and leads to tangles
Alix de Calignon et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08890
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=104&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=166&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Nonlinear atom interferometer surpasses classical precision limit
C. Gross et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08919
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=98&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=162&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
The kinetics of two-dimensional TCR and pMHC interactions determine
T-cell responsiveness
Jun Huang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08944
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=101&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=159&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Atom-chip-based generation of entanglement for quantum metrology
Max F. Riedel et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08988
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=93&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=282&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Adiponectin and AdipoR1 regulate PGC-1[agr] and mitochondria by Ca2+
and AMPK/SIRT1
Masato Iwabu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08991
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=95&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=291&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
28 March 2010
Perigord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and
mechanisms of symbiosis
Francis Martin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08867
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=89&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=298&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Double Holliday junctions are intermediates of DNA break repair
Malgorzata Bzymek et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08868
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=91&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=308&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer by targeting APC-deficient cells
for apoptosis
Ling Zhang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08871
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=87&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=320&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase/phosphatase may be an ancestral
gluconeogenic enzyme
Rafael F. Say and Georg Fuchs
doi:10.1038/nature08884
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=85&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=325&m=34748651&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NzA0MDcwMzcS1&mt=1&rt=0
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