December 2008 Volume 10 Number 12, pp 1373 - 1484
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Nature Milestones in Cytoskeleton
A collaboration from Nature, Nature Cell Biology and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, this supplement focuses on the pivotal breakthroughs in cytoskeleton research over the past 60 years.
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EDITORIAL
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Italy fails to nurture knowledge p1373
Silvio Berlusconi's government seems set on its course to reform
Italy's troubled education system through heavy cuts in funding to
schools, universities and scientific research, prompting a belated
flurry of protests.
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1373
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OBITUARY
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George Palade 1912-2008 p1374
David D. Sabatini
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1374
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MEETING REPORT
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Exploring the pole: an EMBO conference on centrosomes and spindle
pole bodies pp1375 - 1378
Sue L. Jaspersen and Tim Stearns
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1375
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COMMENTARY
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Do the protocadherins Fat and Dachsous link up to determine both
planar cell polarity and the dimensions of organs? pp1379 - 1382
Peter A. Lawrence, Gary Struhl and Jose Casal
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1379
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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A TRP channel-steroid marriage pp1383 - 1384
A surprising functional association between TRPM3, a mysterious member
of the family of transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels, and the
sulphated version of pregnenolone, 'mother' of all steroid hormones,
has been identified.
Bernd Nilius and Thomas Voets
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1383
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Under arrest in mitosis: Cdc20 dies twice pp1385 - 1387
The spindle assembly checkpoint is crucial for maintaining genome
integrity in dividing cells by preventing premature chromosome segregation.
Degradation of the APC/C activator Cdc20 seems to be an essential and
conserved mechanism to maintain this checkpoint in the presence of
chromosomes that are not attached to the mitotic spindle.
Andrew M. Fry and Hiroyuki Yamano
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1385
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Staying alive: apoptosome feedback inhibition pp1387 - 1388
Studies in Drosophila melanogaster reveal a mechanism for regulating
caspases, the key executioners of the apoptotic cell-death program.
An initiator caspase and its activating partner promote degradation of
each other, thereby limiting the levels of the active protease complex.
This negative-feedback inhibition helps to explain how cells avoid
unwanted caspase activation and apoptosis.
Hermann Steller
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1387
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Out of the jaws of death: PRMT5 steers p53 pp1389 - 1390
The tumour suppressor p53 triggers either cell-cycle arrest or apoptosis.
Now, arginine methylation joins a panoply of other post-translational
modifications that regulate p53. PRMT5 mediates p53 methylation,
which disposes the cell to arrest rather than death.
Shelley L. Berger
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1389
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Research highlights p1391
Nathalie Le Bot, Bernd Pulverer, Christina Karlsson Rosenthal and
Sowmya Swaminathan
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1391
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ARTICLES
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Fluctuations of intracellular forces during cell protrusion pp1393 - 1400
Modelling intracellular force variations at cell protrusions suggests that
cell adhesion is regulated at the interface between vinculin and integrin
and reveals a putative feedback between increases in tension and
F-actin assembly.
Lin Ji, James Lim and Gaudenz Danuser
doi:10.1038/ncb1797
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=69&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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Nature and anisotropy of cortical forces orienting Drosophila tissue
morphogenesis pp1401 - 1410
Quantitative analysis and mathematical modelling show that cortical
tension anisotropy at apical cell junctions drives cell neighbour exchanges
that are responsible for elongation of Drosophila embryos. This anisotropy
depends on myosin II activity.
Matteo Rauzi, Pascale Verant, Thomas Lecuit and Pierre-Francois Lenne
doi:10.1038/ncb1798
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The APC/C maintains the spindle assembly checkpoint by targeting Cdc20
for destruction pp1411 - 1420
Ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Cdc20 by the APC/C ligase is a
conserved mechanism essential for maintaining the spindle assembly
checkpoint activated by unattached chromosomes.
Jakob Nilsson, Mona Yekezare, Jeremy Minshull and Jonathon Pines
doi:10.1038/ncb1799
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Transient receptor potential M3 channels are ionotropic steroid receptors
in pancreatic beta cells pp1421 - 1430
In an unanticipated cross-talk between the steroid and insulin endocrine
systems, the neuroactive steroid pregnenolone sulphate is found to
activate the TRPM3 channel, leading to enhanced insulin secretion
from pancreatic islets.
Thomas F.J. Wagner et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1801
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=26&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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Arginine methylation regulates the p53 response pp1431 - 1439
The tumour suppressor p53 is subject to complex regulation and arginine
methylation is now shown to provide an additional level of control.
The protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) 5 is recruited by Strap to
methylate p53 in response to DNA damage, governing the p53 response.
Martin Jansson et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1802
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=95&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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LETTERS
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Regulation of the Drosophila apoptosome through feedback inhibition
pp1440 - 1446
The apoptotic inhibitor IAP1 regulates a feedback loop between the
caspase Dronc1 and its apoptosome adaptor Apaf1 to maintain low
caspase activity in cells that are not destined to die.
Peter J. Shapiro et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1803
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=80&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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X-linked and cellular IAPs modulate the stability of C-RAF kinase and
cell motility pp1447 - 1455
The anti-apoptotic regulators XIAP and c-IAPs promote turnover of the
cRAF kinase to control cell migration. XIAP binding facilitates ubiquitylation
of cRAF through the ubiquitin ligase CHIP.
Taner Dogan et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1804
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=45&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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An H+ P-ATPase on the tonoplast determines vacuolar pH and flower colour
pp1456 - 1462
P-ATPases in plants are typically thought to act at the plasma membrane.
In contrast, PH5, a P-type H+ ATPase functions within the vacuolar membrane
to control acidification during flower coloration.
Walter Verweij et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1805
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=36&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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Activation of TGF-beta/activin signalling resets the circadian clock
through rapid induction of Dec1 transcripts pp1463 - 1469
The circadian clock is synchronized with the environment. In mammals,
besides light input mediated by Per genes, little is known about resetting
mechanisms. TGF-beta and activin reset the clock by acting on the
circadian gene Dec1.
Naohiro Kon et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1806
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=81&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote
tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers pp1470 - 1476
Human glioblastoma cells release microvesicles containing a diverse
set of proteins, miRNAs and mRNAs, which can be taken up by normal
host cells that translate the mRNA. Glioma-derived microvesicles
carrying the specific tumour markers EGFRvIII and miRNA-21 promote
cell proliferation and may serve as a diagnostic tool.
Johan Skog et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1800
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=50&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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Glucose metabolism inhibits apoptosis in neurons and cancer cells by
redox inactivation of cytochrome c pp1477 - 1483
Neurons and cancer cells metabolize glucose extensively. Intracellular
gluthatione produced by this metabolic pathway reduces cytochrome c
release from mitochondria to increase cell survival.
Allyson E. Vaughn and Mohanish Deshmukh
doi:10.1038/ncb1807
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=28&m=30626948&r=MTM0NTA1MzMwNQS2&b=2&j=NDM0MzIwNDYS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ERRATUM
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A model for transmission of the H3K27me3 epigenetic mark p1484
Klaus H. Hansen et al.
doi:10.1038/ncb1208-1484
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