August 2009 Volume 15 Number 8, pp 821 - 973
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Nature Collections HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) continues to be a major health problem. The development of an effective vaccine and new drugs to treat established disease remains an urgent need. This special collection presents a selection of papers published in Nature highlighting the progress that has been made towards conquering this enormous challenge over the past couple of years.
Access the collection free online for 6 months
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Produced with support from Merck Sharp & Dohme and GILEAD
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NATURE MEDICINE PODCAST
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A gutsy debate
Tune in for up-to-date biomedical news, including how to find out about environmental toxins in your neighborhood, and a push to track cancer cases. Plus, researchers are torn: is that bacteria in our stomach harmful, or helpful?
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EDITORIAL
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Back to basics p821
Basic HIV research has, over the past two decades, brought about enormous advances that have transformed a fatal disease into a manageable illness. HIV vaccine research has suffered more setbacks than successes, but a renewed focus on fundamental questions about HIV pathogenesis will provide new glimmers of hope.
doi:10.1038/nm0809-821
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=155&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS
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Trauma trials kick off, putting patient consent rules in focus p823
Stu Hutson
doi:10.1038/nm0809-823
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=172&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Dismissal of bioethics council leads to speculation about its future p824
Vicki Brower
doi:10.1038/nm0809-824a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=48&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Sequencing push brings new UK genome analysis center p824
Lucas Laursen
doi:10.1038/nm0809-824b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=180&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cancer meeting in Germany highlights need for national registry p825
Karen Dente
doi:10.1038/nm0809-825
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=159&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Gaps in genetic antidiscrimination law spur state action p826
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/nm0809-826a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=88&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Production of radioactive isotopes proves problematic p826
Simon Grose
doi:10.1038/nm0809-826b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=126&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Patients see proposed FDA opioid rules as painfully restrictive p827
Vicki Brower
doi:10.1038/nm0809-827a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=164&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
NIH stem cell rules expand funding p827
Stu Hutson
doi:10.1038/nm0809-827b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=45&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
From cells, secrets of the secretome leak out p828
Mike May
doi:10.1038/nm0809-828
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=148&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Experts applaud policy overhaul of US AIDS relief program p829
Virginia Hughes
doi:10.1038/nm0809-829a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=78&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Rectal microbicides in development p829
Cassandra Willyard
doi:10.1038/nm0809-829b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=223&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
AIDS advocates and doctors brace for impact of lost funding p830
Melinda Wenner
doi:10.1038/nm0809-830a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=229&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
HIV gender clues emerge p830
Cassandra Willyard
doi:10.1038/nm0809-830b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=130&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Expanded HIV testing planned, but some remain less than positive p831
Alisa Opar
doi:10.1038/nm0809-831a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=170&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
US moves on controversial travel ban p831
Melinda Wenner
doi:10.1038/nm0809-831b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=214&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
News in brief pp832 - 833
doi:10.1038/nm0809-832
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=117&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Straight talk with...James Ironside pp834 - 835
doi:10.1038/nm0809-834
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=153&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=104&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
A tough controversy to stomach pp836 - 839
The bacterium that causes stomach ulcers and deadly gastric cancer, Helicobacter pylori, is disappearing in many developed countries. Many physicians see this as cause for celebration. But at least one researcher thinks the bacterium is more than just a pathogen. Cassandra Willyard investigates whether H. pylori may be preventing diseases as well as causing them.
Cassandra Willyard
doi:10.1038/nm0809-836
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=30&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BOOK REVIEW
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The case for medical marijuana p840
Daniele Piomelli reviews Dying to Get High: Marijuana as Medicine by Wendy Chapkis and Richard Webb
doi:10.1038/nm0809-840
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=29&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Blocking and tackling HIV pp841 - 842
Two studies suggest that low levels of antibodies, when present continuously, effectively limit or prevent HIV infection (pages 951-954 and 901-906). The findings provide hope for the development of a vaccine.
Nancy L. Haigwood and Vanessa M. Hirsch
doi:10.1038/nm0809-841
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=10&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Mammary development meets cancer genomics pp842 - 844
Mammary epithelial cell development is thought to progress from undifferentiated stem cells into at least two differentiated cell types. A new study has now characterized some of these distinct developmental stages and links them to tumor subtypes previously defined by gene expression profiling (pages 907-913).
Aleix Prat and Charles M. Perou
doi:10.1038/nm0809-842
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=118&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
T time in the brain pp844 - 846
Inflammation in neural tissue has long been suspected to have a role in stroke. A new study in mouse models of focal cerebral ischemia suggest that a stereotyped sequence of T cell infiltration and activation may underlie the progression of brain injury that can last up to days after stroke onset (pages 946-950).
Eng H Lo
doi:10.1038/nm0809-844
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=71&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
T-ing up inflammation in fat pp846 - 847
Obesity generates a proinflammatory environment in adipose tissue, but the factors that initiate this inflammatory cascade have been unclear. Three studies now show that alterations in the composition of adipose tissue T cells occur early in obesity and shape the relationship between immunity and metabolism (pages 914-920, 921-929 and 930-939).
Carey N. Lumeng, Ivan Maillard and Alan R. Saltiel
doi:10.1038/nm0809-846
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=59&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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COMMUNITY CORNER
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An earlier start for HIV therapy p848
doi:10.1038/nm0809-848
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=231&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BETWEEN BEDSIDE AND BENCH
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Genetics and neuropsychiatric disorders
Genetic approaches in animal models have recently led to new ways of thinking about inherited neuropsychiatric disorders. Many such disorders were thought to originate during early development, but newer findings have suggested that processes in the adult nervous system also contribute. Dan Ehninger and Alcino J. Silva outline how such events in the adult may be amenable to therapy, including some approaches in clinical trials. In Bedside to Bench, Petrus de Vries questions the utility of genome-wide association studies for autism spectrum disorders and other neuropsychiatric conditions.
Genetics and neuropsychiatric disorders: Treatment during adulthood pp849 - 850
Dan Ehninger and Alcino J Silva
doi:10.1038/nm0809-849
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=207&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Genetics and neuropsychiatric disorders: Genome-wide, yet narrow pp850 - 851
Petrus J de Vries
doi:10.1038/nm0809-850
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=212&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Research Highlights pp852 - 853
doi:10.1038/nm0809-852
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=219&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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Revolutionary Biochip Array Technology
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Biochip Array Technology (BAT) from Randox allows the simultaneous
detection of multiple analytes from a single patient sample for more
rapid and accurate diagnosis. An extensive biomarker menu is available
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ANALYSIS
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Roadblocks in HIV research: five questions pp855 - 859
What are the most important questions that the HIV field needs to answer to make progress? Nature Medicine asked this question to a group of HIV researchers to identify some of the key roadblocks in HIV research.
Clare Thomas
doi:10.1038/nm0809-855
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=198&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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PERSPECTIVE
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Toward an AIDS vaccine: lessons from natural simian immunodeficiency virus infections of African nonhuman primate hosts pp861 - 865
Donald L Sodora et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.2013
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=109&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=127&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS
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A new human immunodeficiency virus derived from gorillas pp871 - 872
There are three established HIV-1 lineages, M, N and O, which arose after cross-species transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus circulating in chimpanzees. An unusual variant of HIV-1 has now been identified that seems to be the prototype of a new lineage derived from gorillas.
Jean-Christophe Plantier et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.2016
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=70&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=91&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Adenovirus-specific immunity after immunization with an Ad5 HIV-1 vaccine candidate in humans pp873 - 875
The phase 2b trial of Merck's recombinant adenovirus type 5-based HIV-1 vaccine was halted as the vaccine seemed to have increased HIV-1 acquisition in vaccine recipients who had preexisting immunity to the adenovirus vector. One theory to explain these results is that the preexisting antibody response to the vector may have been a surrogate for increased vector-specific CD4+ T cells, which would have been amplified after vaccination and may have served as increased target cells during subsequent HIV-1 exposure. Daniel Barouch and his colleagues and Michael Betts and his colleagues now challenge this view.
Kara L O'Brien et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1991
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=121&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=125&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Baseline Ad5 serostatus does not predict Ad5 HIV vaccine-induced expansion of adenovirus-specific CD4+ T cells pp876 - 878
The phase 2b trial of Merck's recombinant adenovirus type 5-based HIV-1 vaccine was halted as the vaccine seemed to have increased HIV-1 acquisition in vaccine recipients who had preexisting immunity to the adenovirus vector. One theory to explain these results is that the preexisting antibody response to the vector may have been a surrogate for increased vector-specific CD4+ T cells, which would have been amplified after vaccination and may have served as increased target cells during subsequent HIV-1 exposure. Daniel Barouch and his colleagues and Michael Betts and his colleagues now challenge this view.
Natalie A Hutnick et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1989
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=122&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=227&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
=========================== ADVERTISEMENT ===========================
UCSD Clinical and Translational Research Institute and Nature Medicine present:
Frontiers of Clinical Investigation Symposium
Metabolism 2009: From Bench to Bedside
October 8-10, 2009
La Jolla, California, USA
The theme for this year's symposium explores innovative approaches to
bridge laboratory investigation to clinical research in metabolism.
Early Bird Deadline: September 8, 2009
Abstract Submission: Deadline: August 21, 2009
For more information visit: www.nature.com/natureconferences/ctri2009
anatureconference
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ARTICLES
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CD4 downregulation by memory CD4+ T cells in vivo renders African green monkeys resistant to progressive SIVagm infection pp879 - 885
Natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-such as African green monkeys-have evolved to tolerate SIV infection without developing immune deficiency. Jason Brenchley and his colleagues provide a mechanism. They show that CD4+ T cells from these animals downregulate the CD4 receptor upon entering the memory pool. Immune functions normally attributed to CD4+ T cells are preserved, but the cells become resistant to SIV infection.
Coreen M Beaumier et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1970
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=98&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=205&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Persistence of HIV-1 receptor-positive cells after HSV-2 reactivation is a potential mechanism for increased HIV-1 acquisition pp886 - 892
Infection with HSV-2 increases the likelihood of HIV acquisition, but suppression of HSV-2 reactivation with antiviral drugs does not seem to reduce the acquisition of HIV. Laurence Corey and colleagues provide a potential mechanism underlying this observation, showing that even after acyclovir treatment for the HSV-2 infection, many inflammatory and immune cells possessing the receptors required for HIV infection persist in the mucosa, making the initial 'spark' of infection more likely.
Jia Zhu et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.2006
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=116&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=6&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
HIV reservoir size and persistence are driven by T cell survival and homeostatic proliferation pp893 - 900
Highly active antiretroviral therapy is unable to eliminate HIV infection, because the virus persists in latently infected CD4+ T cells-a so-called virus reservoir. Rafick-Pierre Sekaly and his colleagues have shown that central memory CD4+ T cells and transitional memory CD4+ T cells are the main cellular reservoirs for HIV, and they suggest a mechanism that ensures the stability of this reservoir of virus.
Nicolas Chomont et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1972
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=213&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=8&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Vector-mediated gene transfer engenders long-lived neutralizing activity and protection against SIV infection in monkeys pp901 - 906
Antibodies capable of neutralizing a wide array of HIV isolates are rarely elicited by the adaptive immune response during HIV infection, and it is not known how to elicit such protective antibodies by vaccination. Philip Johnson and his colleagues have circumvented this hurdle through gene transfer technology. They show that it is possible to protect monkeys from SIV infection by administering intramuscular injections of adeno-associated virus vectors that express broadly neutralizing antibodies that can access the circulation (841-842pages 951-954).
Philip R Johnson et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1967
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=196&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=157&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers pp907 - 913
Contrary to the belief that basal-like breast cancers develop from mammary stem cells in BRCA1 mutation carriers, an aberrant luminal progenitor population might be the target for transformation in basal tumors in these individuals (pages 842-844).
Elgene Lim et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.2000
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=185&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=111&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
CD8+ effector T cells contribute to macrophage recruitment and adipose tissue inflammation in obesity pp914 - 920
In these new reports, three different research groups independently find that various T cell populations are crucial mediators of obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction. They also show that pharmacological approaches that target these T cells are beneficial, thus opening the door to possible new therapeutic approaches to treating obesity-related diseases such as diabetes (pages 846-847, 921-929 and 930-939).
Satoshi Nishimura et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1964
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=202&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=182&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Normalization of obesity-associated insulin resistance through immunotherapy pp921 - 929
In these new reports, three different research groups independently find that various T cell populations are crucial mediators of obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction. They also show that pharmacological approaches that target these T cells are beneficial, thus opening the door to possible new therapeutic approaches to treating obesity-related diseases such as diabetes (pages 846-847, 914-920 and 930-939).
Shawn Winer et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.2001
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=92&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=11&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Lean, but not obese, fat is enriched for a unique population of regulatory T cells that affect metabolic parameters pp930 - 939
In these new reports, three different research groups independently find that various T cell populations are crucial mediators of obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction. They also show that pharmacological approaches that target these T cells are beneficial, thus opening the door to possible new therapeutic approaches to treating obesity-related diseases such as diabetes (pages 846-847, 914-920 and 921-929).
Markus Feuerer et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.2002
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=16&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=53&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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LETTERS
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Genetic deficiency and pharmacological stabilization of mast cells reduce diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice pp940 - 945
Mast cells, which are involved in inflammation and wound healing, have now been shown to have a role in obesity and diabetes in a new report by Guo-Ping Shi and his colleagues. They go on to show that pharmacological inhibition of mast cell function is sufficient to reduce these metabolic disturbances in mice, suggesting a new therapeutic avenue in the clinic for these disorders.
Jian Liu et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1994
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=119&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=81&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Pivotal role of cerebral interleukin-17-producing gdT cells in the delayed phase of ischemic brain injury pp946 - 950
Inflammatory cells invade the brain after stroke, but their role in disease has been unclear. Now, Akihiko Yoshimura and colleagues report that a particular population of T cells that express the inflammatory cytokine IL-17 plays a key role in stroke progression: depletion of these cells-even as late as 1 day after stroke-can alleviate brain injury in mice pages 844-846).
Takashi Shichita et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1999
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=107&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=68&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Effective, low-titer antibody protection against low-dose repeated mucosal SHIV challenge in macaques pp951 - 954
Studies in macaques have shown that neutralizing antibodies can offer robust protection from infection with a simian counterpart of HIV, yet these studies have also suggested that high concentrations of antibodies are required for efficient protection. Unfortunately, it's not generally thought to be feasible to elicit such high neutralizing antibody titers by vaccination. Dennis Burton and his colleagues now show that lower concentrations of antibodies can offer protection to macaques if a repeated low-dose challenge model is used-a model that may better recapitulate the acquisition of infection in humans.
Ann J Hessell et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1974
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=66&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=84&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Sex differences in the Toll-like receptor-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1 pp955 - 959
Women seem to progress to AIDS more rapidly than men after HIV-1 infection. Marcus Altfeld and his colleagues show that, after adjusting for viral load, HIV-1-infected women have higher levels of immune activation, and the authors provide a potential mechanism to account for this difference between the sexes.
Angela Meier et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.2004
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=69&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=49&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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TECHNICAL REPORTS
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Imaging transforming growth factor-b signaling dynamics and therapeutic response in breast cancer bone metastasis pp960 - 966
Manav Korpal et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1943
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=129&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=33&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Noninvasive optical imaging of apoptosis by caspase-targeted activity-based probes pp967 - 973
Laura E Edgington et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1938
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=103&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=51&m=33815268&r=MTc2NTQyNDEzOQS2&b=2&j=NTUxOTI3NjMS1&mt=1&rt=0
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