August 2009 Volume 10 Number 8, pp 795 - 926
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----------------------
EDITORIAL
----------------------
Hyping research p795
Reporting of scientific research is sometimes exaggerated or at worse
inaccurate. Researchers need to change this and have the power to
do so.
doi:10.1038/ni0809-795
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----------------------
OBITUARY
----------------------
Jean Dausset 1916-2009 p797
Edgardo D Carosella
doi:10.1038/ni0809-797
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----------------------
COMMENTARY
----------------------
RNAi screening: tips and techniques pp799 - 804
By identifying gene products whose knockdown is associated with
phenotypic changes, large-scale RNA-mediated interference screens
have demonstrated previously unknown components of biological
pathways. This commentary provides general guidelines for using
such screens to answer questions of immunological interest.
Sonia Sharma and Anjana Rao
doi:10.1038/ni0809-799
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----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Themis imposes new law and order on positive selection pp805 - 806
The molecular mechanism by which thymocytes are positively selected
remains incompletely understood. Three studies add a new piece to the
positive selection puzzle.
Paul M Allen
doi:10.1038/ni0809-805
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=28&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
TH2 bias: Mina tips the balance pp806 - 808
Tipping the balance of early cytokine production can lead to lineage
bias and, potentially, immune-mediated pathology. Mapping of a
leishmania-susceptibility region has identified a gene that may
determine the extent of T helper type 2 bias in naive helper T cells.
Saskia Hemmers and Kerri A Mowen
doi:10.1038/ni0809-806
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=57&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
New insight into the everlasting host-pathogen arms race
pp808 - 809
New work explains how the interferon-gamma-regulated GTPase Irgm1
on phagosomes responds to intracellular signaling and recruits the
'machinery' for fusion with lysosomes. This pathway overlaps a
signaling route controlled by bacteria to prevent the fusion of
phagosomes with lysosomes.
Coenraad Kuijl and Jacques Neefjes
doi:10.1038/ni0809-808
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Dead man walking: how thymocytes scan the medulla pp809 - 811
The thymic medulla provides a unique milieu for the induction of T
cell tolerance. New work now provides a first glimpse of how
thymocytes scan this microenvironment and thus maximize their
chances of encountering self antigen.
Ludger Klein
doi:10.1038/ni0809-809
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One problem, two solutions pp811 - 813
Jawless fishes, the 'sister' group of jawed vertebrates, use
leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins as antigen receptors.
New work shows that the two isotypes of variable lymphocyte
receptors are expressed in distinct lymphocyte lineages, which
indicates that lymphocytes resembling T cells and B cells are an
ancient feature of all vertebrates.
Thomas Boehm
doi:10.1038/ni0809-811
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----------------------
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
----------------------
Research Highlights p815
doi:10.1038/ni0809-815
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----------------------
PERSPECTIVE
----------------------
RAG: a recombinase diversified pp817 - 821
Adam G W Matthews and Marjorie A Oettinger
doi:10.1038/ni.1776
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=49&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
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----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
The impact of negative selection on thymocyte migration in the medulla
pp823 - 830
Self-reactive thymocytes are eliminated through negative selection
in the thymic medulla. Robey and colleagues find that autoreactive
thymocytes show slower and more confined migration than that of
polyclonal thymocytes in the medulla.
Marie Le Borgne et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1761
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=80&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=45&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Themis is a member of a new metazoan gene family and is required for
the completion of thymocyte positive selection pp831 - 839
The molecular mechanisms that underpin thymocyte selection remain
incompletely defined. Groups led by Love, Gascoigne and Schwartz
independently identify Themis, a signaling protein essential for the
positive selection of thymocytes.
Andy L Johnson et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1769
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=5&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=147&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Themis, a T cell-specific protein important for late thymocyte
development pp840 - 847
The molecular mechanisms that underpin thymocyte selection remain
incompletely defined. Groups led by Love, Gascoigne and Schwartz
independently identify Themis, a signaling protein essential for the
positive selection of thymocytes.
Renaud Lesourne et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1768
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=31&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=128&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Themis controls thymocyte selection through regulation of T cell
antigen receptor-mediated signaling pp848 - 856
The molecular mechanisms that underpin thymocyte selection remain
incompletely defined. Groups led by Love, Gascoigne and Schwartz
independently identify Themis, a signaling protein essential for
the positive selection of thymocytes.
Guo Fu et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1766
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=105&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=98&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of
human skin-homing memory T cells pp857 - 863
Helper T cells become polarized to effect a 'division of labor'.
Sallusto and Spits and colleagues identify a new subset of
skin-homing helper T cells, TH-22 cells, that secrete interleukin 22.
Thomas Duhen et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1767
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=95&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=112&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Identification of a human helper T cell population that has abundant
production of interleukin 22 and is distinct from TH-17, TH1 and TH2
cells pp864 - 871
Helper T cells become polarized to effect a 'division of labor'.
Sallusto and Spits and colleagues identify a new subset of
skin-homing helper T cells, TH-22 cells, that secrete interleukin 22.
Sara Trifari et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1770
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=42&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=37&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Mina, an Il4 repressor, controls T helper type 2 bias pp872 - 879
Mouse strains show varying inherent biases to T helper type 2 (TH2)
responses. Bix and colleagues identify Mina, a jumonji C protein,
as a negative regulator of the gene encoding interleukin 4 whose
expression inversely correlates with TH2 bias.
Mariko Okamoto et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1747
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=81&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=44&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Essential function for the GTPase TC21 in homeostatic antigen
receptor signaling pp880 - 888
Tonic antigen receptor signaling contributes to the homeostasis of
naive lymphocytes. Alarcon and colleagues show that resting
lymphocytes transmit tonic antigen receptor signals through the
GTPase TC21 to trigger the PI(3)K pathway.
Pilar Delgado et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1749
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=118&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=58&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating
antimicrobial, proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in
basophils pp889 - 898
Mature B cells express immunoglobulin D, but its function is unknown.
Cerutti and colleagues show that respiratory mucosal B cells secrete
immunoglobulin D, which activates basophils and enhances antimicrobial
function.
Kang Chen et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1748
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=72&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=68&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades macrophage defenses by inhibiting
plasma membrane repair pp899 - 906
Macrophages infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis die
by necrosis. Remold and colleagues show that virulent M. tuberculosis
promotes necrosis by damaging the plasma membrane and inhibiting its
repair.
Maziar Divangahi et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1758
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=60&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=30&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Targeting of the GTPase Irgm1 to the phagosomal membrane via
PtdIns(3,4)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 promotes immunity to mycobacteria
pp907 - 917
Immunity-related GTPase 1 (Irgm1) is needed for defense against
bacteria that reside in phagosomes of macrophages. MacMicking and
colleagues identify molecular mediators that act 'upstream' and
'downstream' of Irgm1 in the phagosomal membrane.
Sangeeta Tiwari et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1759
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=52&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=4&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
A TNF- and c-Cbl-dependent FLIPS-degradation pathway and its function
in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced macrophage apoptosis
pp918 - 926
Apoptosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected macrophages
restricts the spread of infection. Basu and colleagues delineate the
signaling pathway needed for death of Mtb-infected cells.
Manikuntala Kundu et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1754
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=62&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=102&m=33670535&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTM2MjA1MzUS1&mt=1&rt=0
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