December 2008 Volume 9 Number 12, pp 1317 - 1432
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Salk Institute, Fondation IPSEN, Nature and Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
present:
Symposium on Biological Complexity:
Processes of Aging
January 8-10, 2009
Salk Institute for Biological Studies- La Jolla, CA
For more information and to register visit:
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EDITORIAL
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A case of junk science, conflict and hype p1317
Despite accumulating evidence that vaccines are safe, vaccination
uptake is falling, driving a resurgence in old scourges of society.
doi:10.1038/ni1208-1317
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBbx0E1
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COMMENTARY
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Immunology in India: an emerging story pp1319 - 1322
Although immunological research is of only recent origin in India,
it is nevertheless rapidly becoming an area of choice for young
researchers in this country.
Kanury V S Rao
doi:10.1038/ni1208-1319
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBby0E2
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Alternative lifestyles of T cells pp1323 - 1325
T cells are intrinsically more malleable than previously thought.
Two studies now show that existing T helper type 2 cells can be
converted into alternative CD4+ T helper cells that coexpress
interleukins 9 and 10.
Cristina M Tato and Daniel J Cua
doi:10.1038/ni1208-1323
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBbz0E3
Self-termination of the terminator pp1325 - 1327
The protein kinase NIK is regulated by a complex of ubiquitin
ligases that destroys it. When NIK-activating receptors are
triggered, the ubiquitin ligase complex self-destructs.
David Wallach and Andrew Kovalenko
doi:10.1038/ni1208-1325
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb10Ep
RIG-I-like antiviral protein in flies pp1327 - 1328
The function of gene expression in the response of drosophila to
viral infection is poorly understood. A report now demonstrates
that the helicase Dicer-2 controls antiviral gene expression in
addition to RNA interference-mediated gene silencing.
Osamu Takeuchi and Shizuo Akira
doi:10.1038/ni1208-1327
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb20Eq
Nervous about immunity: neuronal signals control innate immune
system pp1329 - 1330
The molecular mechanisms by which the nervous system influences
innate immunity to pathogens remain mysterious. Two new studies
show that neuronal products modulate established innate immune
signaling pathways operative in the Caenorhabditis elegans
intestine.
Cheng-Yuan Kao, Ferdinand C O Los and Raffi V Aroian
doi:10.1038/ni1208-1329
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb30Er
Research Highlights p1331
doi:10.1038/ni1208-1331
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb40Es
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REVIEW
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Basophils: what they 'can do' versus what they 'actually do'
pp1333 - 1339
Booki Min
doi:10.1038/ni.f.217
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb50Et
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb60Eu
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ARTICLES
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Transforming growth factor-beta 'reprograms' the differentiation
of T helper 2 cells and promotes an interleukin 9-producing
subset pp1341 - 1346
TGF-beta promotes the differentiation of TH-17 and regulatory T
cells. Stockinger and colleagues show that TGF-beta also directs
differentiation of a unique interleukin 9-producing T cell subset.
Marc Veldhoen et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1659
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb70Ev
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBb80Ew
IL-4 inhibits TGF-beta-induced Foxp3+ T cells and, together with
TGF-beta, generates IL-9+ IL-10+ Foxp3- effector T cells
pp1347 - 1355
Foxp3 is required for the generation and function of regulatory T
cells. Kuchroo and colleagues find that interleukin 4 blocks the
generation of these cells but promotes T helper cells that produce
interleukins 9 and 10.
Valerie Dardalhon et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1677
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcA0E7
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcB0E8
Nedd4 augments the adaptive immune response by promoting
ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Cbl-b in activated T cells
pp1356 - 1363
The E3 ubiquitin ligases Itch and Nedd4 target similar proteins in
vitro. Oliver and colleagues find that unlike hyper-responsive
Itch-mutant T cells, Nedd4-deficient T cells are hyporesponsive
and contain excess Cbl-b.
Baoli Yang et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1670
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcC0EA
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcD0EB
Nonredundant and complementary functions of TRAF2 and TRAF3 in a
ubiquitination cascade that activates NIK-dependent alternative
NF-kappaB signaling pp1364 - 1370
Suppression of the kinase NIK prevents NF-kappaB signaling. The
Cheng and Karin labs demonstrate that adaptor proteins TRAF2 and
TRAF3 and ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2 regulate NIK degradation.
Sivakumar Vallabhapurapu et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1678
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcE0EC
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcF0ED
Noncanonical NF-kappaB activation requires coordinated assembly of
a regulatory complex of the adaptors cIAP1, cIAP2, TRAF2 and TRAF3
and the kinase NIK pp1371 - 1378
Suppression of the kinase NIK prevents NF-kappaB signaling. The
Cheng and Karin labs demonstrate that adaptor proteins TRAF2 and
TRAF3 and ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2 regulate NIK degradation.
Brian J Zarnegar et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1676
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcG0EE
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcH0EF
Tonic B cell antigen receptor signals supply an NF-kappaB substrate
for prosurvival BLyS signaling pp1379 - 1387
Mature B cell survival requires signals from the BCR and from the
BLyS receptor BR3. Michael Cancro and colleagues demonstrate
crosstalk between these pathways, as BCR signals supply a substrate
needed for BR3 signal transmission.
Jason E Stadanlick et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1666
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcI0EG
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcJ0EH
Distinct functions for the transcription factor Foxo1 at various
stages of B cell differentiation pp1388 - 1398
Foxo transcription factors are linked to complex regulatory
circuits governed by the availability of
phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate. Rickert and colleagues
show that Foxo1 has nonredundant functions at many stages of B cell
development.
Hart S Dengler et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1667
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcK0EI
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcL0EJ
Toll-like receptor-induced arginase 1 in macrophages thwarts
effective immunity against intracellular pathogens
pp1399 - 1406
Classically activated macrophages are targets of intracellular
bacteria such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Murray and colleagues
find that such pathogens induce arginase 1 in these macrophages to
block the production of antibacterial nitric oxide.
Karim C El Kasmi et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1671
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcM0EK
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcN0EL
Proteolytic cleavage in an endolysosomal compartment is required
for activation of Toll-like receptor 9 pp1407 - 1414
TLR9 binds unmethylated CpG DNA and sends signals from endolysosomes.
Ploegh and colloeagues find that cleavage mediated by endolysosomal
cathepsins is required for TLR9 activation.
Boyoun Park et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1669
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcO0EM
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcP0EN
Neuroendocrine signals modulate the innate immunity of Caenorhabditis
elegans through insulin signaling pp1415 - 1424
In a variety of organisms, signals from the nervous system influence
adaptive immunity. Tan and Kawli now show the importance of
neuroendocrine inputs in the innate immunity of Caenorhabditis
elegans to bacterial pathogens.
Trupti Kawli and Man-Wah Tan
doi:10.1038/ni.1672
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcQ0EO
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcR0EP
The DExD/H-box helicase Dicer-2 mediates the induction of antiviral
activity in drosophila pp1425 - 1432
Dicer proteins direct RNA-interference activities. Imler and
colleagues show that Dicer-2 induces Vago-dependent antiviral
response in flies and that Dicer proteins are related to RIG-I viral
sensors.
Safia Deddouche et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1664
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcS0EQ
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoqX0Xztnp0HjR0CBcT0ER
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