October 2008 Volume 14 Number 10, pp 991 - 1128
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Nature Reviews Microbiology
October 2008 - Focus on Symbiosis
Microbial symbioses include beneficial, harmful and neutral relationships and are important in animal and plant health, immunity and disease, and in ecology and the environment. This special Focus issue highlights exciting advances in our understanding of partnerships between organisms and their environments.
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The 2008 Lasker Medical Research Awards
The Lasker Awards recognize major advances in the understanding, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of disease.
This year, the Lasker Foundation honors the contributions of Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun, David Baulcombe, Akira Endo and Stanley Falkow.
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EDITORIAL
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Winds of change, clouds of smoke p991
Elections may be won on national issues, but the domestic concerns of a superpower have global ramifications, and the science policy of the next US administration will be no exception.
doi:10.1038/nm1008-991
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FB0Ez
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NEWS
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Revamped guidelines aim to keep pace with stem cell advances p993
Stu Hutson
doi:10.1038/nm1008-993
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FC0E1
Experts point to concerning disparities within MD-PhD programs p994
Daniel Cressey
doi:10.1038/nm1008-994a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FD0E2
Success of blood-sugar monitors puts artificial pancreas in reach p994
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/nm1008-994b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FE0E3
Patient-based site tracks drug responses p995
Genevive Bjorn
doi:10.1038/nm1008-995a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FF0E4
Condom ringtone catches on p995
TV Padma
doi:10.1038/nm1008-995b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FG0E5
Multi-million dollar grants give 'Broadies' a lasting home p996
Heidi Ledford
doi:10.1038/nm1008-996a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FH0E6
Barriers set up to protect genome databases p996
Genevive Bjorn
doi:10.1038/nm1008-996b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FI0E7
California aims to crack down on animal rights extremists p997
Coco Ballantyne
doi:10.1038/nm1008-997
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FJ0E8
News in brief pp998 - 999
doi:10.1038/nm1008-998
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FK0EA
2008 US election special pp1000 - 1005
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1000
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FL0EB
Straight talk with...Charles Grassley pp1006 - 1007
What would a trim 75-year-old grain farmer have to say about drug safety and the payments given to medical researchers by drug companies? Lots, if he happens to be Charles Grassley, who has represented the state of Iowa in the US Senate since 1980. As the senior Republican on the Senate's finance and judiciary committees, he has carved out a role as a relentless watchdog who acts as a magnet for whistleblowers in government agencies ranging from the US Department of Defense to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
In the last several years, Grassley has set his investigative sights on issues relating to medicine. A leading critic of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since the surprise withdrawal from the market of Merck's painkiller Vioxx in 2004, Grassley is now focusing on university researchers funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) who haven't been properly reporting income from drug companies. Meredith Wadman asked the senator what he hopes to achieve through his investigations.
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1006
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FM0EC
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CORRESPONDENCE
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SNO-hemoglobin and hypoxic vasodilation pp1008 - 1009
Jonathan S Stamler, David J Singel and Claude A Piantadosi
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1008
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FN0ED
SNO-hemoglobin and hypoxic vasodilation p1009
Lisa A Palmer, Allan Doctor and Benjamin Gaston
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1009a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FO0EE
SNO-hemoglobin and hypoxic vasodilation pp1009 - 1010
Rakesh Patel and Tim Townes
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1009b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FP0EF
Experimental use of nonhuman primates is not a simple problem p1011
Chris Martin
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1011a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FQ0EG
Experimental use of nonhuman primates is not a simple problem pp1011 - 1012
Jarrod Bailey et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1011b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FR0EH
Experimental use of nonhuman primates is not a simple problem p1012
Niall Shanks and Ray Greek
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1012a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FS0EI
Experimental use of nonhuman primates is not a simple problem pp1012 - 1013
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1012b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FT0EJ
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BOOK REVIEW
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The commercialism of academic research p1014
Donald P McDonnell reviews Science for Sale: The Perils, Rewards and Delusions of Campus CapitalismDaniel S. Greenberg
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1014
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FU0EK
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Getting to the core of atherosclerosis pp1015 - 1016
For years, researchers have debated whether the enzyme lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), produced by inflammatory cells, is a 'good guy' or 'bad guy' in atherosclerosis. Work in pigs provides strong support for the view that Lp-PLA2 promotes the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and dangerous, unstable atherosclerotic plaques (pages 1059-1066).
Nancy R Webb
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1015
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FV0EL
Immune alteration fends off AIDS pp1016 - 1018
Comparative studies of the immune response to simian immunodeficiency virus in two nonhuman primate species provide insight into a central aspect of HIV infection[mdash]the ability of the virus to cause chronic activation of the immune system (pages 1077-1087).
Karen O'Connell and Robert F Siliciano
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1016
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FW0EM
Autoantibodies vex the vasculature pp1018 - 1019
Infections with fimbriated bacteria may trigger autoimmunity and cause a form of severe vasculitis that affects capillaries in the kidney and that can destroy the organ (pages 1088-1096).
Cees GM Kallenberg, Coen A Stegeman and Peter Heeringa
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1018
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FX0EN
Portal to Alzheimer's disease pp1020 - 1021
Genetic inactivation of the mitochondrial self-destruction mechanism improves cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (pages 1097-1105).
Anatoly A Starkov and Flint M Beal
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1020
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FY0EO
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COMMUNITY CORNER
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Turning T cells against tumors p1022
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1022
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7FZ0EP
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BETWEEN BEDSIDE AND BENCH
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Common origins of lung cancer and COPD pp1023 - 1024
Smoke is a solid. Whether from cigarettes, cooking fires or other sources, it is comprised of tiny particles that injure the lung and can lead to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, characterized by laborious breathing. Steven D. Shapiro and his colleagues take a look at imaging data in people suggesting that these two conditions have more in common mechanistically than was previously thought. Both diseases seem to stem in part from the ability of inhaled particles to trigger inflammation, a process examined by Robert M. Senior and his colleagues.
A McGarry Houghton, Majd Mouded and Steven D Shapiro
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1023
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fa0EW
Smoke particulates stress lung cells pp1024 - 1025
Smoke is a solid. Whether from cigarettes, cooking fires or other sources, it is comprised of tiny particles that injure the lung and can lead to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, characterized by laborious breathing. Steven D. Shapiro and his colleagues take a look at imaging data in people suggesting that these two conditions have more in common mechanistically than was previously thought. Both diseases seem to stem in part from the ability of inhaled particles to trigger inflammation, a process examined by Robert M. Senior and his colleagues.
Tracy L Adair-Kirk, Jeffrey J Atkinson and Robert M Senior
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1024
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fb0EX
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Research highlights pp1026 - 1027
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1026
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fc0EY
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FOREWORD
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Exuberant unpredictability: sine qua non for priceless and prizeworthy biomedical research pp1029 - 1032
Joseph L Goldstein
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1029
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fd0EZ
Three catalytic lives linked by the Lasker Awards pp1033 - 1035
Jordan U Gutterman and Neen Hunt
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1033
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fe0Ea
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COMMENTARIES
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The evolution of our thinking about microRNAs pp1036 - 1040
Victor Ambros
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1036
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Ff0Eb
The perfect storm of tiny RNAs pp1041 - 1045
Gary Ruvkun
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1041
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fg0Ec
Of maize and men, or peas and people: case histories to justify plants and other model systems pp1046 - 1049
David Baulcombe
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1046
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fh0Ed
A gift from nature: the birth of the statins pp1050 - 1052
Akira Endo
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1050
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fi0Ee
I never met a microbe I didn't like pp1053 - 1057
Stanley Falkow
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1053
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fj0Ef
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MULTIPLEX CYTOKINE BIOCHIPS
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ARTICLES
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Inhibition of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 reduces complex coronary atherosclerotic plaque development pp1059 - 1066
Although increased levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) have been associated with cardiac disease, whether this enzyme has a causal role in the development of atherosclerosis has not been clear. Wilensky et al. now show in a pig model of atherosclerosis that a selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitor reduces progression to complex atherosclerotic lesion formation, an effect that is associated with decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lesions. These results support the use of Lp-PLA2 inhibitors for the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Robert L Wilensky et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1870
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fm0Ei
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fn0Ej
The succinate receptor GPR91 in neurons has a major role in retinal angiogenesis pp1067 - 1076
The mechanisms that control blood vessel formation are incompletely understood. Sylvain Chemtob and his colleagues now find that blood vessel formation in mouse and rat retinas is controlled by succinate generated during hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Succinate acting through its receptor, GPR91, on retinal ganglion neurons, triggers secretion of canonical proangiogenic factors and the formation of new blood vessels to reinstate adequate tissue supply. This work also identifies GPR91 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic retinopathies.
Przemyslaw Sapieha et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1873
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fo0Ek
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fp0El
Divergent TLR7 and TLR9 signaling and type I interferon production distinguish pathogenic and nonpathogenic AIDS virus infections pp1077 - 1087
Unlike HIV-infected humans or SIV-infected rhesus macaques, natural monkey hosts for SIV do not show immune activation or progress to AIDS, even though they have high viral loads after infection. Differences in the innate immune response in these monkeys may provide a clue as to why they remain healthy.
Judith N Mandl et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1871
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fq0Em
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fr0En
Molecular mimicry in pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis pp1088 - 1096
Pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis[mdash]an inflammatory disease of the kidneys[mdash] may be triggered by bacterial infection. Kain et al. show that almost all individuals with this disease have auto-antibodies to the membrane protein LAMP-2. These antibodies cross-react with the bacterial adhesion FimH, and immunization with FimH causes disease in rats.
Renate Kain et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1874
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fs0Eo
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Ft0Ep
Cyclophilin D deficiency attenuates mitochondrial and neuronal perturbation and ameliorates learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease pp1097 - 1105
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described in Alzheimer's disease, but how it is induced has remained unclear. Shi Du Yan and her colleagues find that a neurotoxic amyloid protein associated with the disease binds a mitochondrial protein called cyclophilin D and causes neuron death. The authors show that Alzheimer's disease model mice that lack cyclophilin D show improvements in learning and memory.
Heng Du et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1868
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fu0Eq
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fv0Er
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LETTERS
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Glutaminyl cyclase inhibition attenuates pyroglutamate A[beta] and Alzheimer's disease-like pathology pp1106 - 1111
Some A[beta] peptides contain pyroglutamate modifications that affect the aggregation properties of these peptides. The authors find that the enzyme glutaminyl cyclase is responsible for this pyroglutamate modification. When they inhibit the enzyme in Alzheimer's model mice, fewer plaques form in the brain, and some measures of learning and memory are improved.
Stephan Schilling et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1872
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fw0Es
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fx0Et
The Creb1 coactivator Crtc1 is required for energy balance and fertility pp1112 - 1117
Judith Y Altarejos et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1866
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fy0Eu
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7Fz0Ev
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TECHNICAL REPORTS
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Bortezomib-induced enzyme-targeted radiation therapy in herpesvirus-associated tumors pp1118 - 1122
De-Xue Fu et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1864
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7F10Ei
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7F20Ej
Chemical control of protein stability and function in living mice pp1123 - 1127
Laura A Banaszynski et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.1754
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7F30Ek
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7F40El
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CORRIGENDUM
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Corrigendum: RPN2 gene confers docetaxel resistance in breast cancer p1128
Kimi Honma et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1008-1128
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/enxq0Xztnp0HjT0B7F50Em
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Convenient. Simple. Hypertension.
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