October 2009 Volume 10 Number 10, pp 1035 - 1132
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Focus on Copy Number Variation
Individual genomes vary, not only in sequence, but in both their
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Nature Genetics presents a Focus on copy number variation highlighting
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EDITORIAL
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A long way to go... p1035
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1035
Federal policy on human embryonic stem cell research must become
bolder to truly support progress in the field.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=48&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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CORRESPONDENCE
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Knighting immunology p1037
Stefan H E Kaufmann
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1037
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=30&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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MEETING REPORT
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Renaissance for mouse models of human hematopoiesis and immunobiology
pp1039 - 1042
Markus G Manz and James P Di Santo
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1039
More than 20 years after the first successful engraftment of human
leukocytes and hematopoietic organs in mice, scientists met for the
2nd International Workshop on Humanized Mice to discuss progress and
to highlight expectations in this dynamic field.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=32&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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COMMENTARY
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The immune system as an invisible, silent Grand Fugue pp1043 - 1045
Luke A J O'Neill and Cliona O'Farrelly
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1043
The Science Gallery, Trinity College Dublin, recently held an
exhibition called "INFECTIOUS: STAY AWAY" that used
art to illustrate infection and immunity. Luke O'Neill talks to
one of the artists, Gordana Novakovic, about her involvement in
this project.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=35&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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The importance of being earnestly selfish pp1047 - 1049
Hilde Cheroutre, Daniel Mucida and Florence Lambolez
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1047
Agonist encounter can divert thymocytes into several unconventional
T cell subsets, many of which exhibit regulatory properties.
Unexpected findings indicate that agonist selection can drive the
differentiation of interleukin 17-producing cells in the thymus.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=39&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
New DNA-sensing pathway feeds RIG-I with RNA pp1049 - 1051
Xuetao Cao
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1049
Cytosolic DNA sensors have remained poorly defined so far. Two recent
studies identify a previously undefined cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway
that depends on the RNA polymerase III-mediated conversion of
microbial DNA into 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNA that
activates the RNA helicase RIG-I.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=87&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
A defining factor for natural killer cell development pp1051 - 1052
James P Di Santo
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1051
Transcription factors are critical regulators of cell fate in the
hemato-lymphoid system. New evidence indicates that the basic leucine
zipper transcription factor E4BP4 (also known as NFIL3) is essential
for natural killer cell specification.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=75&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Beyond peptidoglycan for Nod2 pp1053 - 1054
Peter J Murray
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1053
Nod2 is a cytoplasmic Nod-like receptor protein that detects the
peptidoglycan subfragment muramyl dipeptide. New work shows that Nod2
also has an important role in recognizing viruses and in triggering
interferon production during viral infection.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=69&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Research Highlights p1055
doi:10.1038/ni1009-1055
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=61&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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REVIEW
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The cunning little vixen: Foxo and the cycle of life and death
pp1057 - 1063
Stephen M Hedrick
doi:10.1038/ni.1784
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=14&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=57&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ARTICLES
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RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an
RNA polymerase III-transcribed RNA intermediate pp1065 - 1072
Andrea Ablasser et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1779
After binding double-stranded RNA, RIG-I induces production of
type 1 interferon. Hornung and colleagues find that RIG-I detects
viral DNA via double-stranded RNA intermediates generated by RNA
polymerase III.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=15&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=74&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Activation of innate immune antiviral responses by Nod2 pp1073 - 1080
Ahmed Sabbah et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1782
The intracellular 'biosensor' Nod2 responds to bacterial
peptidoglycan by inducing activation of the transcription
factor NF-kappa B. Bose and colleagues now find that Nod2
can also function as a cytoplasmic viral pattern-recognition
receptor.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=1&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=68&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Carbohydrate-specific signaling through the DC-SIGN signalosome
tailors immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-1 and
Helicobacter pylori pp1081 - 1088
Sonja I Gringhuis et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1778
Different pathogens induce different cytokine production via the
C-type lectin DC-SIGN. Geijtenbeek and colleagues show that distinct
carbohydrates on the pathogen surface induce the assembly and use
of distinct DC-SIGN signaling complexes.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=3&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=46&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Peli1 facilitates TRIF-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling and
proinflammatory cytokine production pp1089 - 1095
Mikyoung Chang, Wei Jin and Shao-Cong Sun
doi:10.1038/ni.1777
The role of Pellino proteins in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling
is not completely understood. Sun and colleagues now find that
Pellino1 ubiquitinates the signaling molecule RIP1 and is essential
for TRIF-dependent TLR signal transduction in mice.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=2&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=45&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Differences in the risk of celiac disease associated with HLA-DQ2.5
or HLA-DQ2.2 are related to sustained gluten antigen presentation
pp1096 - 1101
Lars-Egil Fallang et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1780
Celiac disease is associated with HLA-DQ2.5 expression. Sollid and
colleagues identify why this association exists by showing that
binding of peptide to HLA-DQ2.5 is kinetically more stable.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=5&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=40&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Transcription elongation factor ELL2 directs immunoglobulin secretion
in plasma cells by stimulating altered RNA processing pp1102 - 1109
Kathleen Martincic et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1786
Antibody-secreting cells switch expression of membrane-bound B cell
antigen receptors to soluble immunoglobulin production by alternative
mRNA polyadenylation. Milcarek and colleagues show that ELL2 and
CstF-64 associate with RNA polymerase II to enhance promoter-proximal
polyadenylation and immunoglobulin secretion.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=4&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=41&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Ras orchestrates exit from the cell cycle and light-chain
recombination during early B cell development pp1110 - 1117
Malay Mandal et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1785
How signals through the pre-B cell antigen receptor (pre-BCR) and
IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) coordinate population expansion of pre-B cells
with subsequent recombination of the immunoglobulin kappa-chain
locus is unclear. Clark and colleagues show that pre-BCR signaling
via the Ras-MEK-Erk pathway poises pre-B cells to undergo
differentiation after escaping IL-7R signaling.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=7&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=24&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
The basic leucine zipper transcription factor E4BP4 is essential
for natural killer cell development pp1118 - 1124
Duncan M Gascoyne et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1787
Little is known about the transcription factors that facilitate NK
cell differentiation. Brady and colleagues find that the basic
leucine zipper transcription factor E4bp4 is essential for NK cell
development in mice.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=6&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=73&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Thymic self-reactivity selects natural interleukin 17-producing T
cells that can regulate peripheral inflammation pp1125 - 1132
Benjamin R Marks et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1783
Several unconventional T cell populations, including gamma delta
T cells and regulatory T cells, are selected by recognition of self
antigen in the thymus. Craft and colleagues add TH-17 cells to the
list of T cell subsets enriched by self-reactivity.
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=113&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=91&m=34059564&r=MTc2NTA4MDAwNgS2&b=2&j=NTgyNzE3MjAS1&mt=1&rt=0
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