1 October 2009 Volume 461 Number 7264, pp 559 - 686
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The first 4 million years of human evolution
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Nature News Special: Science in Eastern Europe
When the Berlin Wall came down 20 years ago, one of the
many consequences was the opening up of the world to
Eastern European scientists. This issue explores how
research has changed since that tumultuous autumn, in
two News Features, an Opinion piece, a NatureJobs feature,
and an Editorial.
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Frontiers of Clinical Investigation Symposium
Metabolism 2009: From Bench to Bedside
October 8-10, 2009
La Jolla, California, USA
The theme for this year's symposium explores innovative
approaches to bridge laboratory investigation to clinical
research in metabolism.
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EDITORIALS
----------------------
Back on the map p569
Central and eastern European nations still lag behind
Western countries in science. But they are slowly catching up.
doi:10.1038/461569a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=200&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Containing risk pp569-570
The US Department of Homeland Security should not be put in
charge of biodefence research.
doi:10.1038/461569b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=199&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Delimiting death p570
Procuring organs for transplant demands a realistic definition
of life's end.
doi:10.1038/461570a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=202&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
----------------------
Computational biology: Protein comets p572
doi:10.1038/461572a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=201&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Molecular evolution: A colourful history p572
doi:10.1038/461572b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=196&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Particle physics: Top quarks measure up p572
doi:10.1038/461572c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=195&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Immunology: T cells on the move p572
doi:10.1038/461572d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=198&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Biology: Antennae show the way p572
doi:10.1038/461572e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=197&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Geology: Killer quake pp572-573
doi:10.1038/461572f
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=193&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Climate change: Looming locusts p573
doi:10.1038/461573a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=192&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Neuroscience: Wake up to dementia p573
doi:10.1038/461573b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=223&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Atmospheric science: Menacing methane p573
doi:10.1038/461573c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=222&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Ecology: Survival tips p573
doi:10.1038/461573d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=221&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
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JOURNAL CLUB
----------------------
Journal club p573
Bruce R. Conklin
doi:10.1038/461573e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=220&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS
----------------------
News briefing: 1 October 2009 pp574-575
The week in science
doi:10.1038/461574a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=15&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Booming biosafety labs probed p577
US lawmakers and scientists at odds over how to
regulate high-containment labs.
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/461577a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=207&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Iranian ministers in plagiarism row pp578-579
Nature investigation reveals duplications in papers
by science and transport chiefs.
Declan Butler
doi:10.1038/461578a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=16&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Experts draw up ocean-drilling wish list pp578-579
Researchers seek deeper understanding of crust formation.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/461578b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=167&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
US agriculture research gets priority plan p580
Federal restructuring aims to lessen the influence of
pork-barrel politics.
Lizzie Buchen
doi:10.1038/461580a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=168&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Instant climate model gears up p581
Simulation tool gives rapid feedback on implications of
policy changes.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/461581a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=169&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cellulosic ethanol hits roadblocks pp582-583
The third of four weekly articles looks at how the
financial crisis is slowing efforts to commercialize
next-generation ethanol.
Roberta Kwok
doi:10.1038/461582a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=17&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
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COLUMN
----------------------
Innovation strategy pp585-585
The Obama administration has good proposals but needs a more
systematic approach, David Goldston argues.
David Goldston
doi:10.1038/461585a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=18&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NEWS FEATURES
----------------------
Eastern Europe: Scaling the wall pp586-589
The collapse of communism opened up the world to scientists
from eastern Europe. Quirin Schiermeier talks to researchers about
what changed.
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/461586a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=19&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Eastern Europe: Beyond the bloc pp590-591
Quirin Schiermeier
doi:10.1038/461590a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=159&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
CORRESPONDENCE
----------------------
Call from China for joint nanotech toxicity-testing effort p593
Shuping Bi, Jing Zhang and Jiongjia Cheng
doi:10.1038/461593a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=219&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Consent: criteria should be drawn up for tissue donors p593
Bernard Lo and Bruce R. Conklin
doi:10.1038/461593b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=218&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Consent: a need for guidelines to reflect local considerations p593
Wendy Lipworth, Rob Irvine and Bronwen Morrell
doi:10.1038/461593c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=217&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
OPINION
----------------------
Science and the Stasi pp594-595
The acquisition of scientific and technological secrets was at
the heart of East Germany's foreign espionage operations
before the fall of the Berlin Wall, reveals Kristie Macrakis.
Kristie Macrakis
doi:10.1038/461594a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=216&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
BOOKS AND ARTS
----------------------
Showcasing the evidence for evolution p596
Laurence D. Hurst compares two seasoned authors' strategies for
explaining the difference between evolution fact and fantasy -
Richard Dawkins's thunder and Carl Zimmer's poise.
Laurence D. Hurst reviews The Greatest Show on Earth:
The Evidence for Evolution by Richard Dawkins
doi:10.1038/461596a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=215&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Taxonomy comes of age p597
Richard Lane reviews Naming Nature: The Clash Between
Instinct and Science by Carol Kaesuk Yoon
doi:10.1038/461597a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=214&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Q&A: Gustav Metzger on destruction p598
Gustav Metzger's monumental and technical artworks comment
on the capacity of human society to obliterate itself. From
displays that eat themselves with acid to liquid-crystal
patterns projected onto performing bands such as The Who
in the 1960s, he questions environmental degradation, nuclear
war and capitalism. As a major retrospective of his work opens,
Metzger argues that scientists should be more active in
counteracting society's tendency to seek oblivion.
Emma Marris reviews Gustav Metzger: Decades 1959-2009 by
doi:10.1038/461598a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=319&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Drug discovery: Propping up a destructive regime pp599-600
The Wnt signalling pathway balances the opposing activities of
two proteins to transmit signals within cells. An inhibitor that
stabilizes one of these proteins reveals a new target for anticancer
drug development.
Randall T. Peterson
doi:10.1038/461599a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=321&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Optics: Droplets set light in a spin pp600-601
Fusilli pasta is made by extruding dough through an appropriately
shaped hole. A new method for making similar shapes in the optical
field of light involves passing laser beams through droplets of liquid
crystals.
Miles Padgett
doi:10.1038/461600a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=323&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Palaeontology: Feathered dinosaurs in a tangle pp601-602
A dramatic feathered dinosaur fossil from the Jurassic of
China resolvesa 'temporal paradox'. But it adds intriguing
complications to the debates on the evolution of feathers
and flight in birds.
Lawrence M. Witmer
doi:10.1038/461601a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=325&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Supramolecular chemistry: Molecular crystal balls pp602-603
Sorcerers have long gazed into crystal balls to conjure up
information. Chemists are also getting in on the act, using
porous crystals to trap unstable reaction intermediates and
to reveal their structures.
Seth M. Cohen
doi:10.1038/461602a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=327&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Behavioural ecology: Winged warnings pp603-604
Alarm signals emitted by animals may not be all that they seem.
But a good example has been identified in the whistling sound of
a crested pigeon's wings when it takes flight in response to a
predator.
Graeme D. Ruxton
doi:10.1038/461603a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=330&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
50 & 100 years ago p604
doi:10.1038/461604b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=332&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Applied physics: Lasers go nano pp604-605
Two experiments that produce laser light by exploiting the
collective wave-like motion of free electrons on a metal
surface bring the science and technology of lasers into the
nanoland.
Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal and Esteban Moreno
doi:10.1038/461604a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=334&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Correction p605
doi:10.1038/461605a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=336&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
REVIEW
----------------------
Untangling aerosol effects on clouds and precipitation in a
buffered system pp607-613
Bjorn Stevens and Graham Feingold
doi:10.1038/nature08281
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=337&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=346&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Tankyrase inhibition stabilizes axin and antagonizes Wnt signalling
pp614-620
Deregulated Wnt pathway activity has been implicated in many cancers,
making this pathway an attractive target for anticancer therapies.
Here, a small molecule inhibitor of the Wnt pathway is identified
and its direct target and mechanism of action are characterized,
providing new insights into the physiological regulation of the
Wnt pathway and new possibilities for targeted Wnt pathway therapeutics.
Shih-Min A. Huang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08356
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=341&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=343&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Inhibitors selective for mycobacterial versus human proteasomes
pp621-626
Proteasome structure is extensively conserved across a broad
range of organisms, so it is not surprising that inhibitors of
all chemical classes tested have blocked both eukaryotic and
prokaryotic proteasomes. However, certain oxathiazol-2-one
compounds are now shown to kill non-replicating Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and act as selective inhibitors of the M.
tuberculosis proteasome while largely sparing the human homologue.
Gang Lin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08357
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=351&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=353&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Universality of galactic surface densities within one
dark halo scale-length pp627-628
Mean dark matter surface density within one dark-halo
scale-length was recently discovered to be constant
across a wide range of galaxies. Here, the luminous matter
surface density is reported to also be constant within one
scale-length of the dark halo, such that although the total
luminous-to-dark matter ratiois not constant, within one halo
scale-length it is constant.
Gianfranco Gentile, Benoit Famaey, HongSheng Zhao and Paolo Salucci
doi:10.1038/nature08437
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=347&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=349&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale pp629-632
A key challenge is to realize ultracompact lasers that can
directly generate coherent optical fields at the nanometre
scale, far beyond the diffraction limit. Surface plasmons
could be used to tightly confine light on very short lengthscales
, but so far this approach has been hampered by ohmic losses at
optical frequencies. The experimental demonstration of nanometre-scale
plasmonic lasers is now reported, realized using a hybrid plasmonic
waveguide --these lasers can generate optical modes a hundred
times smaller than the diffraction limit.
Rupert F. Oulton et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08364
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=358&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=360&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
X-ray observation of a transient hemiaminal trapped in a
porous network pp633-635
Although X-ray crystallography is the method of choice for the direct
structural analysis of crystalline compounds, extending its use to th
e in situ mapping of chemical transformations involving unstable
intermediates is challenging. Here this is achieved by using a
porous network material as a 'reaction medium' to enable X-ray
observations of reaction intermediates that are usually transient
and non-isolable.
Takehide Kawamichi, Tsuyoshi Haneda, Masaki Kawano and Makoto Fujita
doi:10.1038/nature08326
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=355&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=275&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Remote triggering of fault-strength changes on the San Andreas fault
at Parkfield pp636-639
Changes in fault strength over time can increase or decrease the
likelihood of failure and the ultimate triggering of seismic events.
Observation of the Parkfield area at the San Andreas fault over the
years 1987-2008 now reveals two occasions --the 2004
Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and the 1992 Landers earthquake
--where long-term changes in fault strength have probably
been induced remotely by large seismic events.
Taka/'aki Taira, Paul G. Silver, Fenglin Niu and Robert M. Nadeau
doi:10.1038/nature08395
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=276&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=277&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
A pre-Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers
on the metatarsus p640
The early evolution of the major groups of derived non-avialan
theropods is not well understood, resulting in the 'temporal paradox
' argument against the theropod hypothesis of avian origins. Here,
a small theropod specimen collected from the earliest Late Jurassic
of China is recovered that is referable to the Troodontidae, which
are among the theropods most closely related to birds, thus refuting
the 'temporal paradox'. Furthermore, the extensive feathering of the
specimen sheds new light on the early evolution of feathers.
Dongyu Hu, Lianhai Hou, Lijun Zhang and Xing Xu
doi:10.1038/nature08322
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=278&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=271&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Robust discrimination between self and non-self neurites requires
thousands of Dscam1 isoforms pp644-648
The tendency of branches from the same neuron (self-branches) to
selectively avoid one another is known as self-avoidance. The
expression of different isoforms of the Down Syndrome cell
adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene, which expresses a neuronal
cell recognition protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily,
ensures that repulsion is restricted to self-branches.
Here, in Drosophila, the number of isoforms of Dscam1 required
to prevent non-self branches from recognizing each other is determined.
Daisuke Hattori et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08431
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=272&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=273&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Direct reprogramming of human neural stem cells by OCT4 p649
Although induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have been generated from
mouse and human somatic cells by ectopic expression of four
transcription factors, the expression of one of these four, Oct4, is
sufficient to directly reprogram adult mouse neural stem cells to iPS
cells. The generation of one-factor human iPS cells from human fetal
neural stem cells by ectopic expression of OCT4 alone is now reported,
demonstrating that OCT4 is sufficient to reprogram human neural stem
cells to pluripotency.
Jeong Beom Kim et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08436
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=274&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=280&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Discovery of Atg5/Atg7-independent alternative
macroautophagy pp654-658
Macroautophagy is the process by which defective proteins and
entire organelles are sequestered in membrane compartments
called autophagosomes, which ultimately fuse with lysosomes
and undergo degradation. The genes Atg5 and Atg7 are believed
to be essential for mammalian macroautophagy. Here it is shown,
however, that under certain stress conditions mouse cells
lacking Atg5 or Atg7 can still perform autophagy-mediated
protein degradation through an alternative pathway.
Yuya Nishida et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08455
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=281&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=283&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Membrane-bound Fas ligand only is essential for Fas-induced
apoptosis pp659-663
Fas ligand (FasL) and its receptor Fas are critical for the shutdown
of chronic immune responses and prevention of autoimmunity. FasL
function is regulated by deposition in the plasma membrane and
metalloprotease-mediated shedding, but it is unclear what the
respective roles of these secreted and membrane-bound forms are.
Gene-targeted mice that selectively lack either secreted FasL or
membrane-bound FasL are now generated, shedding light on this problem.
Lorraine A. O/' Reilly et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08402
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=303&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=305&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cooperative binding of two acetylation marks on a histone
tail by a single bromodomain pp664-668
The recognition of histone post-translational modifications by
effector modules such as bromodomains is a key step in many
chromatin-related processes. Although effector-mediated recognition
of single post-translation modifications is well characterized,
combinatorial readout of histones bearing multiple modifications is
poorly understood. Here, a distinct mechanism of combinatorial readout
for the mouse TAF1 homologue Brdt, a testis-specific member of the
BET protein family, is reported.
Jeanne Moriniere et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08397
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=298&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=300&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Substrate interactions and promiscuity in a viral DNA packaging motor
pp669-673
In several viruses and bacteriophages, DNA transport in processes
such as genome packaging is dependent on a subset of the ASCE
superfamily of protein enzymes consisting of multimeric ringed
pumps. Little is known, however, about how these motors engage
their nucleic acid substrates. Here, the genome packaging motor
of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage is studied, revealing
that the full mechanochemical cycle of the motor involves two,
rather different, phases.
K. Aathavan et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08443
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=294&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=296&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
A human 5[prime]-tyrosyl DNA phosphodiesterase that repairs
topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage pp674-678
The mechanism of topoisomerase action involves making a transient
break in DNA, which, if it occurs near another DNA lesion, can
persist, with the topoisomerase attached the 3[prime] or 5[prime]
end by a phosphotyrosyl bond. If the DNA termini are not liberated
from the topoisomerase, cancer and neurodegenerative disease may
result. A human enzyme that cleaves 3[prime]-phosphotyrosyl bonds
has already been identified; a complementary enzyme that cleaves
5[prime]-phosphotyrosyl bonds is now reported.
Felipe Cortes Ledesma et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08444
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=290&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=292&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NATUREJOBS
----------------------
News
Older but not wiser p681
Quality of peer reviewers' work slips as years pass.
Nicola Jones
doi:10.1038/nj7264-681a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=212&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Postdoc journal
A natural haven p681
The isolation of the lab makes me long for nature.
Sam Walcott
doi:10.1038/nj7264-681b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=209&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
In Brief
CBI rallies industry p681
UK industry should have a hand in university science curricula,
says report.
doi:10.1038/nj7264-681c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=210&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Indians fast in protest p681
Faculty strike in India over promotion rules.
doi:10.1038/nj7264-681d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=206&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Europe's research lagging p681
Regulations squelch European scientific innovation and collaboration,
report says.
doi:10.1038/nj7264-681e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=208&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Careers and Recruitment
No place like home p682
Young Eastern European scientists are returning to their home
countries to set up labs -- with mixed success. Claire Ainsworth
tracks their progress.
Claire Ainsworth
doi:10.1038/nj7264-682a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=205&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
Quality control p686
A palpable hit.
Marissa Lingen
doi:10.1038/461686a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=313&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
Advance Online Publication
----------------------
30 September 2009
A secreted complement-control-related protein ensures acetylcholine
receptor clustering
Marie Gendrel, Georgia Rapti, Janet E. Richmond and Jean-Louis
Bessereau
doi:10.1038/nature08430
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=126&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=120&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Ammonia oxidation kinetics determine niche separation of
nitrifying
Archaea and Bacteria
Willm Martens-Habbena et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08465
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=123&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=115&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cheater-resistance is not futile
Anupama Khare et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08472
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=117&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=111&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
27 September 2009
A role for a neo-sex chromosome in stickleback speciation
Jun Kitano et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08441
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=113&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=107&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
JAK2 phosphorylates histone H3Y41 and excludes HP1[agr] from
chromatin
Mark A. Dawson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08448
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=106&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=110&m=34087097&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTg2ODY4NzkS1&mt=1&rt=0
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