September 2009 Volume 8 Number 9, pp 691 - 770
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EDITORIAL
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WHY GOING ORGANIC IS GOOD p691
Organic semiconductors could one day be used in new types of spintronic
devices. Before realistic applications can be achieved however, more
experimental and theoretical work is needed to understand the mechanism
of spin injection and spin transport.
doi:10.1038/nmat2517
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COMMENTARY
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A SPIN OF THEIR OWN pp693 - 695
Although it is tempting to compare organic semiconductors with their
inorganic counterparts, the spin-injection and spin-transport
properties are fundamentally different. The challenges in understanding
and improving such properties make organic spintronics an exciting field
in its own right.
Greg Szulczewski, Stefano Sanvito and Michael Coey
doi:10.1038/nmat2518
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INTERVIEW
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A NEW FACE FOR ORGANICS pp696 - 697
In 2004, after two decades' worth of experience investigating the
photophysical properties of conducting polymers, Z. Valy Vardeny
demonstrated a spin valve with an organic active layer. Nature Materials
asked him about his views on the achievements in organic spintronics
and the future of the field.
Fabio Pulizzi
doi:10.1038/nmat2519
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS p698
doi:10.1038/nmat2520
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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PLASMONICS: THE BENEFITS OF DARKNESS pp699 - 700
The clever exploitation of dark modes in plasmonic nanostructures leads
to devices with sharp resonances and low losses that promise
applications in biochemical sensing and optical communications.
Stefan A. Maier
doi:10.1038/nmat2522
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PATTERNING: CELLS NOURISHED BY NANODROPS pp700 - 702
Delivering biomolecules to living cells in a spatially defined way in
vitro could help us to understand more in vivo processes. Using an
aqueous two-phase system enables the formation of patterns at the
nanolitre scale that can serve as a confined reagent-delivery system
for mammalian cells.
Kevin E. Healy
doi:10.1038/nmat2524
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X-RAY SPECTROSCOPY: REVEALING THE ATOMIC DANCE pp702 - 703
Photon correlation spectroscopy with coherent X-rays reveals the
elementary diffusive motion of atoms.
G. Brian Stephenson, Aymeric Robert and Gerhard Grubel
doi:10.1038/nmat2521
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BIOCATALYSIS: UNMASKED BY STRETCHING pp704 - 705
The biocatalytic activity of enzyme-loaded responsive layer-by-layer
films can be switched on and off by simple mechanical stretching. Soft
materials could thus be used to trigger biochemical reactions under
mechanical action, with potential therapeutic applications.
Eugenia Kharlampieva and Vladimir V. Tsukruk
doi:10.1038/nmat2523
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MATERIAL WITNESS: RELAXING THE VACUUM p705
Philip Ball
doi:10.1038/nmat2516
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PROGRESS ARTICLE
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SPIN ROUTES IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS pp707 - 716
V. Alek Dediu, Luis E. Hueso, Ilaria Bergenti and Carlo Taliani
doi:10.1038/nmat2510
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=30&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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LETTERS
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ATOMIC DIFFUSION STUDIED WITH COHERENT X-RAYS pp717 - 720
The diffusion of atoms in a solid is essential to many of its properties.
However, imaging atomic diffusion has been a difficult task. The
development of a technique that allows direct time-resolved imaging of
atomic diffusion with coherent X-rays may therefore allow a broader study
of this process on the atomic scale.
Michael Leitner et al.
doi:10.1038/nmat2506
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=31&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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DIRECT CREATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHOTONIC CRYSTALS BY A TOP-DOWN
APPROACH pp721 - 725
Fabricating defect-free three-dimensional photonic crystals over a
large area is a challenge that has impeded advances in this field. The
development of an etching process for creating such crystals from silicon
may therefore allow a broader use of these photonic structures.
Shigeki Takahashi et al.
doi:10.1038/nmat2507
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=44&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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SURFACE-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION IN SUPERCOOLED TETRAHEDRAL LIQUIDS
pp726 - 730
Surfaces have an important role in solid-liquid phase transformations,
but whereas melting is normally observed at surfaces, freezing usually
originates in the bulk. Computational studies now predict surface-induced
nucleation in supercooled liquid silicon and germanium, and the proposed
nucleation mechanism could prove to be relevant for other tetrahedrally
coordinated systems.
Tianshu Li, Davide Donadio, Luca M. Ghiringhelli and Giulia Galli
doi:10.1038/nmat2508
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=43&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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MECHANOTRANSDUCTIVE SURFACES FOR REVERSIBLE BIOCATALYSIS ACTIVATION
pp731 - 735
Many proteins have buried active sites in their folded states, which
are only exposed when the protein is stretched. On mimicking this
process with a combination of enzymes buried in polyelectrolyte layers
on a silicone sheet, it is shown that enzymatic catalysis is possible
only when the substrate is stretched to expose the enzymes, which enables
reversible control of reaction progression.
Damien Mertz et al.
doi:10.1038/nmat2504
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=42&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NANOLITRE LIQUID PATTERNING IN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS FOR SPATIALLY DEFINED
REAGENT DELIVERY TO MAMMALIAN CELLS pp736 - 741
Biopatterning, which enables regulation of cell-material interaction, is
usually achieved by techniques that rely on physical contact, which can
seriously damage cells. A simple and efficient non-contact technique is
now demonstrated using an aqueous two-phase polymer system.
H. Tavana et al.
doi:10.1038/nmat2515
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=41&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ORGANIC ELECTRONICS FOR PRECISE DELIVERY OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS TO MODULATE
MAMMALIAN SENSORY FUNCTION pp742 - 746
An organic electronic device capable of precisely delivering
neurotransmitters in vitro and in vivo is demonstrated. The device mimics
the nerve synapse by converting electronic addressing in the delivery of
neurotransmitters, thereby enabling exact dosage determination through
electrochemical relationships. The system also ensures minimally disruptive
delivery by avoiding fluid flow, and provides simple on-off switching.
Daniel T. Simon et al.
doi:10.1038/nmat2494
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=39&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=13&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
A DUAL-EMISSIVE-MATERIALS DESIGN CONCEPT ENABLES TUMOUR HYPOXIA IMAGING
pp747 - 751
Luminescent materials are widely used for imaging and sensing because
of their high sensitivity and rapid response. A strategy for modulating
dual emission for radiometric sensing in a single component is now shown
to enable tumour hypoxia imaging.
Guoqing Zhang, Gregory M. Palmer, Mark W. Dewhirst and Cassandra L. Fraser
doi:10.1038/nmat2509
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=38&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=48&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ARTICLES
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LINKING A COMPLETELY THREE-DIMENSIONAL NANOSTRAIN TO A STRUCTURAL
TRANSFORMATION EIGENSTRAIN pp752 - 757
The successful use of shape-memory alloys relies on the microscopic
understanding of the associated phase transformations. A recently
developed analytical technique of structural data is now applied to
nanoprecipitates in Ni-Ti, and clearly reveals a connection between the
strain that these precipitates introduce and the phase transformation
that is often observed.
Wim Tirry and Dominique Schryvers
doi:10.1038/nmat2488
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=37&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=59&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
PLASMONIC ANALOGUE OF ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY AT THE
DRUDE DAMPING LIMIT pp758 - 762
Plasmonic nanostructures enable the concentration of large electric
fields into small spaces. The classical analogue of electromagnetically
induced transparency has now been achieved in such devices, leading to
a narrow resonance in their absorption spectrum. This combination of
high electric-field concentration and sharp resonance offers a pathway
to ultracompact sensors with extremely high sensitivity.
Na Liu et al.
doi:10.1038/nmat2495
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=91&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=97&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
COMPARATIVE MATERIALS DIFFERENCES REVEALED IN ENGINEERED BONE AS A FUNCTION
OF CELL-SPECIFIC DIFFERENTIATION pp763 - 770
Creating laboratory-grown bone for implantation into injury sites is an
aim of regenerative medicine. However, newly grown bone may not have the
same structural and compositional properties as native bone. Materials
characterization shows that the source of cells for the new bone growth
has a significant effect on its properties.
Eileen Gentleman et al.
doi:10.1038/nmat2505
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=88&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=54&m=33902037&r=MTc2NDk2MzQxMQS2&b=2&j=NTcwNTgxNzQS1&mt=1&rt=0
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