4 June 2009 Volume 459 Number 7247, pp615-744
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Nature News special: Microscopy
Microscopes are the window to life - and advances in microscopy over
recent years are radically changing the view through them. Here
Nature profiles five microscopes that are changing the ways that
modern biologists see the world and one that did so at the dawn of
microscopy. Access selected content free online.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=99&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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EDITORIALS
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Microscopic marvels p615
Microscopes are changing the face of biology. Researchers should
innovate and collaborate if they want to be part of the new vision.
doi:10.1038/459615a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=38&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Stem-cell clarity pp615-616
The draft NIH guidelines on stem-cell research are a good first
step, but some revision is needed.
doi:10.1038/459615b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=133&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Power vacuum p616
The US president's delay in naming an NIH director is symptomatic
of a widespread problem.
doi:10.1038/459616a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=15&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Animal behaviour: Pretty please p618
doi:10.1038/459618a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=68&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Evolution: Carnivore claim quashed p618
doi:10.1038/459618b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=174&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Astronomy: A big head start p618
doi:10.1038/459618c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=157&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Palaeontology: Bone study bugbear p618
doi:10.1038/459618d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=151&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Genetics: Setting the biological clock p618
doi:10.1038/459618e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=126&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Neurobiology: Squeaking in tongues p619
doi:10.1038/459619a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=208&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Chemistry: Toxic toadstools p619
doi:10.1038/459619b
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Genetics: Filling mouse holes p619
doi:10.1038/459619c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=35&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Quantum physics: Attack of the giant neutrinos p619
doi:10.1038/459619d
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JOURNAL CLUB
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Journal club p619
Lucas N. Joppa
doi:10.1038/459619e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=311&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
=========================== ADVERTISEMENT ===========================
FREE ARTICLE
Novel strategies for HIV therapy
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=107&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Two research teams are proposing the use of known
compounds—the mild surfactant glycerol monolaurate
and a protein called griffithsin that could be scaled
up in tobacco—be used to block distinct steps in the
early stages of HIV infection. Both teams already have
commercial links but what challenges lay ahead?
Find out more by reading the first in-depth analysis of
the scientific and commercial potential of the work in
SciBX: Science-Business eXchange.
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=118&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS
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Mouse patent sparks 'uncivil' spat pp620-621
Academic institutes lock horns in legal action over mutant mice.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/459620a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=91&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Funding struggle for mercury monitoring pp620-621
Researchers look to quantify pollution levels.
Naomi Lubick
doi:10.1038/459620b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=264&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Europe's parliamentary priorities pp622-623
This week's Europe-wide elections will affect researchers more than
they realize, reports Alison Abbott.
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/459622a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=255&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Quaternary geologists win timescale vote p624
Redefinition rescues once-threatened terminology from extinction.
Amanda Leigh Mascarelli
doi:10.1038/459624a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=130&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Spooky research cuts p625
US intelligence agency axes funding for work on quantum computing.
Sharon Weinberger
doi:10.1038/459625a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=141&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Sweden likely winner for neutron source p626
European spallation facility looks set to land near Lund.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/459626a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=297&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
University wins injunction against animal activists p627
doi:10.1038/459627a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=161&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Economic gloom threatens renewables investment p627
doi:10.1038/459627b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=10&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Malaria vaccine enters phase III clinical trials p627
doi:10.1038/459627c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=75&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Africa declares its stance for climate-change talks p627
doi:10.1038/459627d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=106&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Changes at the top for Indian science p627
doi:10.1038/459627e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=67&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Open-access publishing gains another convert p627
doi:10.1038/459627f
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=131&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Correction p627
doi:10.1038/459627g
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=256&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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COLUMN
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PARTY OF ONE
Climate future p628
Deciding how to evaluate a cap-and-trade programme raises some
thorny questions, says David Goldston.
David Goldston
doi:10.1038/459628a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=165&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS FEATURES
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Microscopic marvels: Magnifying power p629
New microscopes are revealing sights that have never been seen
before. Nature profiles five machines that are changing how
biologists view the world.
doi:10.1038/459629a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=98&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Microscopic marvels: Seeing the system pp630-631
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/459630a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=137&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Microscopic marvels: Microscope for the masses pp632-633
Erika Check Hayden
doi:10.1038/459632a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=181&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Microscopic marvels: The big and the bold pp634-635
David Cyranoski
doi:10.1038/459634a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=85&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Microscopic marvels: The naked microscope pp636-637
Heidi Ledford
doi:10.1038/459636a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=51&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Microscopic marvels: The glorious resolution pp638-639
Alison Abbott
doi:10.1038/459638a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=274&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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CORRESPONDENCE
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Fair-use policies aim to balance access and cost of publishing p641
H. Frederick Dylla
doi:10.1038/459641a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=147&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Funding ban could break careers at the toss of a coin p641
Cameron Neylon
doi:10.1038/459641b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=138&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cancer screening for women in developing countries p641
Chinmoy K. Bose
doi:10.1038/459641c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=16&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ESSAY
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A microscopic reality tale pp642-644
The earliest microscopes shed light on a once-invisible world. But,
Patricia Fara explains, microscopists were uncertain about how well
the images reflected reality - just as they are today.
Patricia Fara
doi:10.1038/459642a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=281&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BOOKS AND ARTS
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Keeping up scientific standards pp645-646
A journalistic account of the case of data manipulation by physicist
Jan Hendrik Schon is rich in detail but draws the wrong conclusions
about the self-correcting processes of science, argues Martin Blume.
Martin Blume reviews Plastic Fantastic: How the Biggest Fraud in
Physics Shook the Scientific World by Eugenie Samuel Reich
doi:10.1038/459645a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=273&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
An Indian history of numbers pp646-647
Pervez Hoodbhoy reviews Mathematics In India by Kim Plofker
doi:10.1038/459646a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=294&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Averting environmental crisis pp647-648
Shepard Krech III reviews Becoming Good Ancestors: How We Balance
Nature, Community, and Technology by David Ehrenfeld
doi:10.1038/459647a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=250&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Q&A: Acting the part p648
Actor and playwright Anna Deavere Smith has pioneered documentary
theatre through her one-woman plays constructed from interviews.
As she prepares to portray biologists Edward O. Wilson and James
Watson at the World Science Festival in New York next week, Smith
talks about life, death and the influence of science on her work.
Jascha Hoffman reviews Watching Wilson and Watson
doi:10.1038/459648a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=205&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Photonics: How nanocrystals lost their blink pp649-650
Semiconducting nanocrystals emit light in many different colours,
but they blink on and off at random. The latest nanocrystals emit
photons steadily, thanks to the blending of their cores into their
outer shells.
Taekjip Ha
doi:10.1038/459649a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=187&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Cosmology: Climbing up the cosmic ladder pp650-651
Study of an under-appreciated subclass of stars that brighten and
dim periodically brings to light their potential use as cosmic
yardsticks - out to distances of a few hundred million light years.
Ofer Lahav
doi:10.1038/459650a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=59&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Membrane-protein structure: Piercing insights pp651-652
Pore-forming proteins are deadly biological weapons that punch
holes in target-cell membranes. The structure of the pore formed
by a bacterial toxin suggests that diverse pore formers have similar
assembly pathways.
Hagan Bayley
doi:10.1038/459651a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=18&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Geophysics: Magnetic ringing of the Earth pp652-653
The study of Earth's core is an exacting task that involves
interpreting indirect evidence. An innovative approach to
understanding decadal changes in the magnetic field provides
a new probe of core dynamics.
Richard Holme
doi:10.1038/459652a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=74&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Quantum mechanics: Entanglement goes mechanical pp653-654
A neat experiment shows that the mechanical vibration of two ion
pairs separated by a few hundred micrometres is entangled - their
motions are intrinsically and inseparably connected in a quantum
way.
Rainer Blatt
doi:10.1038/459653a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=20&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Developmental biology: The early heart remodelled pp654-655
What factors direct the formation of heart muscle in the developing
embryo? Unexpectedly, a chromatin-remodelling protein complex turns
out to be a crucial determinant of cardiac-cell fate.
Fu-Sen Liang and Gerald R. Crabtree
doi:10.1038/459654a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=119&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS ARISING
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Attrition of memory CD8 T cells ppE3-E4
Raymond M. Welsh and Liisa K. Selin
doi:10.1038/nature08091
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=37&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=182&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Vezys et al. reply pE4
Vaiva Vezys et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08092
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=45&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=148&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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ARTICLES
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Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida
genomes pp657-662
Candida species are the most common cause of opportunistic fungal
infection worldwide. Here, the genomes of six Candida species are
sequenced and compared with each other and with related pathogens
and non-pathogens; providing insight into the genetic features that
underlie the diversity of Candida biology, including pathogenesis
and the architecture of mating and meiotic processes.
Geraldine Butler et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08064
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=162&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=155&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory
responses pp663-667
Cortical gamma oscillations (20-80 Hz) predict increases in focused
attention, and failure in gamma regulation is a hallmark of
neurological and psychiatric disease; however, what induces this
activity band is unclear. Here, by using a cell-type targeted
optogenetic approach, it is revealed that gamma oscillations can be
driven by specific activation of fast-spiking interneurons in vivo,
and that sensory input relative to these oscillations can determine
the extent of evoked cortical activity.
Jessica A. Cardin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08002
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=291&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=231&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Chaperonin overexpression promotes genetic variation and enzyme
evolution pp668-673
Amino acid mutations that alter a protein's function can affect the
stability of the protein, but these mutations are believed to be
'buffered' by chaperones, or heat-shock proteins-potentially
facilitating the acquisition of genetic diversity and the rate of
adaptation. Here, the overexpression of bacterial GroEL/GroES
chaperonins is found to double the number of accumulating mutations
in four different enzymes in vitro.
Nobuhiko Tokuriki and Dan S. Tawfik
doi:10.1038/nature08009
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=191&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=111&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
=========================== ADVERTISEMENT ===========================
This month, we feature 3 very important findings by RIKEN,
all reported in Nature Genetics!
• Read our original Research Highlights for free!
Filling out the map
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=202&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Recent findings from the FANTOM consortium spotlight new mysteries
and challenge old assumptions about the mammalian genome
Keep up to date by registering for RIKEN RESEARCH e-alerts!
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=316&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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LETTERS
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A low-energy core-collapse supernova without a hydrogen envelope
pp674-677
Theory suggests that stars with initial masses greater than 25-30
solar masses end up as Wolf-Rayet stars, which are deficient in
hydrogen in their outer layers; subsequent supernova explosions
should produce ejecta of low kinetic energy, a faint optical
luminosity and a small mass fraction of radioactive nickel, but no
weak, hydrogen-deficient, core-collapse supernovae have hitherto
been seen. Now, SN 2008ha is reported to be a faint hydrogen-poor
supernova.
S. Valenti et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08023
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=195&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=288&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Global circulation as the main source of cloud activity on Titan
pp678-682
Clouds on Titan result from the condensation of methane and ethane
and, at present, cloud activity mainly occurs in the southern
hemisphere; general circulation models predict that this
distribution should change with the seasons on a 15-year timescale.
Now, global spatial cloud coverage on Titan is reported to be in
general agreement with the models.
Sebastien Rodriguez et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08014
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=201&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=304&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Entangled mechanical oscillators pp683-685
Superposition and entanglement are hallmarks of quantum mechanics.
One system ubiquitous to nature where entanglement has not
previously been shown is distinct mechanical oscillators, such as
springs or pendula. Here, deterministic entanglement of separated
mechanical oscillators - consisting of the vibrational states
of two pairs of atomic ions held in different locations - is
demonstrated.
J. D. Jost et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08006
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=183&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=1&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Non-blinking semiconductor nanocrystals pp686-689
The usefulness of semiconductor nanocrystals is severely limited by
the fact that they 'blink': they turn on and off intermittently
under continuous excitation. Here, ternary core/shell CdZnSe/ZnSe
nanocrystals are realized, in which the transition between CdZnSe
and ZnSe seems to be radially graded rather than abrupt, and which
show completely non-blinking behaviour and strong photoluminescence.
Xiaoyong Wang et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08072
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=156&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=198&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
The Gamburtsev mountains and the origin and early evolution of the
Antarctic Ice Sheet pp690-693
The nature of initial glaciation on Antarctica about 34 million
years ago is a mystery. Results from an intensive radar survey now
show that the Gamburtsev mountains at Dome A, at the centre of the
present ice sheet, were initially incised by rivers and then
subsequently overdeepened by ice movement; this is suggestive of
topographical development before 34 million years ago, when mean
summer temperatures were about 3 [deg]C.
Sun Bo et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08024
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=216&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=312&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Kinematic variables and water transport control the formation and
location of arc volcanoes pp694-697
The production of arc magmas at convergent plate margins is thought
to involve the mantle wedge overlying subducting slabs, as well as
fluids or melts from the subducting slab itself. However, the role
of kinematic variables, such as slab dip and convergence rate,
remains an open question. Here, a model is proposed to address how
kinematic parameters of plate subduction relate to the location of
mantle wedge melting and the position of arc volcanoes.
T. L. Grove et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08044
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=218&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=190&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Parvalbumin neurons and gamma rhythms enhance cortical circuit
performance pp698-702
Interneurons defined by the fast-spiking phenotype and expression
of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin are thought to be
involved in gamma oscillations. Here, optogenetic technology is
used in mice to selectively modulate parvalbumin interneurons in
vivo, revealing that inhibition of these interneurons suppresses
gamma oscillations, whereas driving them is sufficient to generate
emergent gamma-frequency rhythmicity.
Vikaas S. Sohal, Feng Zhang, Ofer Yizhar and Karl Deisseroth
doi:10.1038/nature07991
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=243&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=276&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Mechanism of differential control of NMDA receptor activity by NR2
subunits pp703-707
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have different opening
probabilities and pharmacological profiles according to the type of
NR2 subunit they possess (NR2A to NR2D). The region formed by the
NR2 amino-terminal domain, and the short linker connecting this to
the agonist-binding domain, are now shown to be responsible for
controlling the subunit-specific gating of NMDA receptors.
Marc Gielen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07993
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=180&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=71&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Directed transdifferentiation of mouse mesoderm to heart tissue by
defined factors pp708-711
The heart has little regenerative capacity after damage, so
understanding the factors required to produce new cardiac myocytes
is of great interest. The minimal requirements for
transdifferentiation of mouse mesoderm to cardiac myocytes are now
defined, with implications for the reprogramming of cardiomyocytes
for regenerative purposes in the future.
Jun K. Takeuchi and Benoit G. Bruneau
doi:10.1038/nature08039
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=139&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=282&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Frequent inactivation of A20 in B-cell lymphomas pp712-716
A20 is a negative regulator of the NF-[kappa]B pathway and has a
pivotal role in regulation of the immune response. Using a
genome-wide analysis of genetic lesions in B-cell lymphomas, A20
is shown to be a common genetic target in B-lineage lymphomas,
with uncontrolled NF-[kappa]B signalling caused by loss of A20
function implicated in the pathogenesis of subsets of these
lymphomas.
Motohiro Kato et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07969
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=142&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=109&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Mutations of multiple genes cause deregulation of NF-[kgr]B in
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma pp717-721
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of
lymphoma in adulthood. Here, mutations in multiple genes that
regulate the NK-[kappa]B pathway are shown to be present in DLBCL,
with the most commonly affected being the A20 gene, which encodes
a ubiquitin-modifying enzyme involved in termination of NK-[kappa]B
responses.
Mara Compagno et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07968
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=60&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=189&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
F-box protein FBXO31 mediates cyclin D1 degradation to induce G1
arrest after DNA damage pp722-725
Upon DNA damage, eukaryotic cells initiate the DNA damage response,
a complex signalling pathway which coordinates cell cycle arrest
with DNA repair. Using a genome-wide RNA interference screen, the
human F-box protein FBXO31 is shown to regulate the G1/S cell cycle
transition in response to DNA damage by mediating degradation of
cyclin D1, an important regulator of progression from G1 to S phase.
Manas K. Santra, Narendra Wajapeyee and Michael R. Green
doi:10.1038/nature08011
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=287&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=248&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
The structure of a cytolytic [agr]-helical toxin pore reveals its
assembly mechanism pp726-730
Pore-forming toxins are a class of potent virulence factors that
convert from a soluble form to a membrane-integrated pore. The
bacterial toxin cytolysin A is one such pore-forming toxin, and
it is responsible for the haemolytic phenotype of several
Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica strains. Here, the crystal
structure of the assembled pore is reported, and a sequential
mechanism for its assembly proposed.
Marcus Mueller et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08026
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=293&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=62&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Metamorphic enzyme assembly in polyketide diversification pp731-735
Co-evolution of enzymes for metabolic diversification is not well
understood, especially at the biochemical level. Here, the
biosynthetic pathways responsible for the synthesis of two natural
products, curacin and jamaicamide, are examined; several domains are
characterized to help determine how, although the two pathways have
a high sequence identity, they are responsible for the production of
two such dramatically different chemical motifs.
Liangcai Gu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07870
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=254&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=13&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
ERRATUM
----------------------
The ATM repair pathway inhibits RNA polymerase I transcription in
response to chromosome breaks p736
Michael Kruhlak et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08110
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=213&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
CORRIGENDA
----------------------
Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since
the Last Glacial Maximum p736
Judson W. Partin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08125
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=244&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
UCP2 mediates ghrelin's action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering
free radicals p736
Zane B. Andrews et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08132
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=233&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
NATUREJOBS
----------------------
Prospects
New shores of literature p739
For good reading, look more deeply, says Paul Smaglik.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7247-739a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=271&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Postdoc journal
The little green monster p739
Staying at home is making me jealous.
Joanne Isaac
doi:10.1038/nj7247-739b
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=93&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
In Brief
Biotech audience shrinks p739
Attendance down for this year's BIO meeting.
doi:10.1038/nj7247-739c
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=217&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Boston ahead of the pack p739
Life-science sectors in the lead.
doi:10.1038/nj7247-739d
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=309&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Show me the money p739
US agencies gear up for spending stimulus funds.
doi:10.1038/nj7247-739e
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=228&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Careers and Recruitment
Here comes the sun p740
The solar-energy industry is poised for a strong comeback from the
rough patch it has hit, thanks to solid governmental and private
investment. Kurt Kleiner investigates.
Kurt Kleiner
doi:10.1038/nj7247-740a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=215&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
To all sister capsules p744
There's something out there.
Scott Virtes
doi:10.1038/459744a
http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=212&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
----------------------
Advance Online Publication
----------------------
03 June 2009
Uniparental expression of PolIV-dependent siRNAs in developing
endosperm of Arabidopsis
Rebecca A. Mosher et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08084
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=176&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=176&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Enhancing CD8 T-cell memory by modulating fatty acid metabolism
Erika L. Pearce et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08097
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=278&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=278&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
T cells dampen innate immune responses through inhibition of NLRP1
and NLRP3 inflammasomes
Greta Guarda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08100
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=5&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=5&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
A tissue-scale gradient of hydrogen peroxide mediates rapid wound
detection in zebrafish
Philipp Niethammer, Clemens Grabher, A. Thomas Look and
Timothy J. Mitchison
doi:10.1038/nature08119
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=265&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=265&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
31 May 2009
Identification of the pollen self-incompatibility determinant in
Papaver rhoeas
Michael J. Wheeler et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08027
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=211&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=211&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
A histone H3 lysine 36 trimethyltransferase links Nkx2-5 to
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome
Keisuke Nimura et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08086
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=313&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=313&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Genome-wide silencing in Drosophila captures conserved apoptotic
effectors
Su Kit Chew et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08087
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=108&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=108&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Giant tunnel electroresistance for non-destructive readout of
ferroelectric states
V. Garcia et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08128
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=295&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=295&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Disease-corrected haematopoietic progenitors from Fanconi anaemia
induced pluripotent stem cells
Angel Raya et al.
doi:10.1038/nature08129
Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=66&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=66&m=33344903&r=MjA1NTkxMDA2MAS2&b=2&j=NTA3NjE4NTgS1&mt=1&rt=0
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