November 2008 Volume 8 Number 11
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Nature Reviews Microbiology
Evaluating Diagnostics: the CD4 guide
Accurate CD4 counts are crucial laboratory markers
for assessing immunodeficiency and the risk of disease
progression in HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 causes a huge
burden of morbidity and mortality, particularly in
developing countries. This fourth supplement in the
series on evaluating diagnostics focuses on CD4
immunodiagnostics, which can be used to monitor CD4
counts, decide when to treat individuals with antivirals
and whether treatments are effective.
Access the CD4 Guide online at
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8aj0Ey
Produced in collaboration with TDR
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This month's FEATURED article:
New regulators of NF-[kappa]B in inflammation
Sankar Ghosh and Matthew S. Hayden
p837 | doi:10.1038/nri2423
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8ak0Ez
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From the editors
p823 | doi:10.1038/nri2446
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8al0E1
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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
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Mucosal immunology: Mismanaged ER stress and inflammation
p824 | doi:10.1038/nri2435
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8am0E2
Autoimmunity: Balancing B-cell subsets in EAE
p825 | doi:10.1038/nri2439
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8an0E3
T cells: Survival tricks
p825 | doi:10.1038/nri2442
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8ao0E4
Lymphocyte responses: Germinal-centre B cells take control
p826 | doi:10.1038/nri2441
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8ap0E5
HIV: Learning from a monkey!
p826 | doi:10.1038/nri2443
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8aq0E6
IN BRIEF
Dendritic cells | Lymphocyte migration | Tumour immunology
p826 | doi:10.1038/nri2445
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8ar0E7
Autoimmunity: Gut bacteria keep you healthy
p827 | doi:10.1038/nri2440
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8as0E8
Tumour immunology: Regulating MDSC recruitment
p828 | doi:10.1038/nri2437
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8at0EA
IN THE NEWS
Nobel prize to virus detectives
p828 | doi:10.1038/nri2444
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8au0EB
Editor's note: Tumour-induced immune modulation of sentinel lymph nodes
p901 | doi:10.1038/nri2447
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8av0EC
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PROGRESS
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Cytokine-mediated regulation of antimicrobial proteins
Jay K. Kolls, Paul B. McCray, Jr and Yvonne R. Chan
p829 | doi:10.1038/nri2433
Antimicrobial proteins are an ancient mechanism of defence against pathogens at skin and mucosal surfaces. As discussed in this Progress article, new studies identify dynamic cross-regulation between cytokines and antimicrobial peptides, which contributes to immunity and homeostasis at these sites.
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8aw0ED
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8ax0EE
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REVIEWS
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New regulators of NF-[kappa]B in inflammation
Sankar Ghosh and Matthew S. Hayden
p837 | doi:10.1038/nri2423
Activation of nuclear factor-[kappa]B (NF-[kappa]B) is crucial for initiating inflammatory responses. In this Review, Sankar Ghosh and Matthew Hayden discuss the roles of several newly identified regulators of the NF-[kappa]B pathway, as well as some old factors that have been assigned new functions.
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8ay0EF
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8az0EG
TRIM family proteins and their emerging roles in innate immunity
Keiko Ozato, Dong-Mi Shin, Tsung-Hsien Chang and Herbert C. Morse, III
p849 | doi:10.1038/nri2413
The tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) proteins are best known for their roles in the restriction of infection by lentiviruses. Here, the authors describe the recent studies that reveal broader antiviral and antimicrobial activities of TRIM proteins, including an involvement in the pathogen-recognition and signalling pathways.
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a10E2
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a20E3
Cross-regulation between herpesviruses and the TNF superfamily members
John R. Šedý, Patricia G. Spear & Carl F. Ware
p861 | doi:10.1038/nri2434
Herpesviruses have evolved numerous strategies to outsmart the host and establish persistent infection. Important targets of viral entry and immunomodulation are the tumour-necrosis factor superfamily proteins. This Review describes the central role of these proteins in both virus survival and host defence.
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a30E4
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a40E5
Mammalian glycosylation in immunity
Jamey D. Marth and Prabhjit K. Grewal
p874 | doi:10.1038/nri2417
This Review discusses how the diversity of glycan structures that are produced in the secretory pathway and are displayed at the cell surface and in extracellular compartments can have both homeostatic and pathogenic effects on the development and function of the mammalian immune system.
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a50E6
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a60E7
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PERSPECTIVES
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OPINION
Two ways to survive infection: what resistance and tolerance can teach us about treating infectious diseases
David S. Schneider and Janelle S. Ayres
p889 | doi:10.1038/nri2432
These authors express their opinion that we should devote more research attention to uncovering the mechanisms by which a host can tolerate, as well as resist, infection with a pathogen. New drugs to increase tolerance to infection should provide therapies to which pathogens will not develop resistance.
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a70E8
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8a80EA
OPINION
Do T cells need endogenous peptides for activation?
Nicholas R. J. Gascoigne
p895 | doi:10.1038/nri2431
This article proposes that endogenous peptides can enhance the recognition of antigenic peptides by T cells and, based on results from MHC class I- and class II-restricted T-cell systems, that CD4 and CD8 have different roles in the recognition of endogenous peptide-MHC complexes.
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8bA0EK
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/eoOD0Xztnp0Hjd0B8bB0EL
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