14 August 2008 Volume 454 Number 7206, pp805-916
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----------------------
EDITORIAL
----------------------
A task of terawatts p805
The world has an abundance of renewable energy to offer, the question
is how to harness it.
doi:10.1038/454805a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B22z0ET
----------------------
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
----------------------
Geophysics: Iceberg smash-up p806
doi:10.1038/454806a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2210EG
Comparative biology: Animal models p806
doi:10.1038/454806b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2220EH
Planetary science: Soft metals p806
doi:10.1038/454806c
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2230EI
Climatology: Winter sun p806
doi:10.1038/454806d
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2240EJ
Astrophysics: Slow-motion supernovae p806
doi:10.1038/454806e
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2250EK
Zoology: Predatory Lotharios pp806-807
doi:10.1038/454806f
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2260EL
Human history: Digging up data p807
doi:10.1038/454807a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2270EM
Immunology: Successful delivery p807
doi:10.1038/454807b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2280EN
Genetics: Appendages of note p807
doi:10.1038/454807c
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23A0EX
Materials science: Light beat p807
doi:10.1038/454807d
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23B0EY
----------------------
JOURNAL CLUB
----------------------
Journal club p807
Francis Albarede
doi:10.1038/454807e
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23C0EZ
----------------------
NEWS
----------------------
Top climate-impacts programme shut pp808-809
National Center for Atmospheric Research axes developing-world
initiative.
Jeff Tollefson
doi:10.1038/454808a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23D0Ea
Physicists await dark-matter confirmation pp808-809
PAMELA mission offers tantalizing hint of success.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/454808b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23E0Eb
Biodiversity body 'lacks science' p809
Swedish researchers criticize credentials of convention.
Daniel Cressey
doi:10.1038/454809a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23F0Ec
Four wheels good? pp810-811
With the world's love of cars showing little sign of abating,
manufacturers are under increasing pressure to make vehicles less
polluting and oil dependent. Duncan Graham-Rowe explores some of the
technologies that could keep us on the road.
doi:10.1038/454810a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23G0Ed
The AIDS fight: looking ahead to 2010 p812
As this month's International AIDS Conference in Mexico City ends,
Erika Check Hayden asks leaders of the HIV community what they expect
to see on the agenda when the conference reconvenes in Vienna in 2010
— the year by which the world has agreed to provide universal access
to HIV treatment.
doi:10.1038/454812a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23H0Ee
Anthrax case ignites new forensics field pp813-813
Biochemical method of tracking microbes hits the limelight.
Amber Dance
doi:10.1038/454813a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23I0Ef
Large Hadron Collider passes first proton test pp815-815
doi:10.1038/454815a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23J0Eg
Environment agency denies plea to cut biofuel goals pp815-815
doi:10.1038/454815b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23K0Eh
San Francisco's biotech hub gets lift from Pfizer deal pp815-815
doi:10.1038/454815c
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23L0Ei
Gorilla numbers doubled in the Congo pp815-815
doi:10.1038/454815d
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23M0Ej
FDA further tightens conflict of interest policies pp815-815
doi:10.1038/454815e
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23N0Ek
Hotspot for midges proves to be fertile ground p815
doi:10.1038/454815f
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23O0El
SciFoo blogged pp815-815
doi:10.1038/454815g
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23P0Em
----------------------
NEWS FEATURE
----------------------
Electricity without carbon pp816-823
Nature's News team looks at how much carbon-free energy might
ultimately be available — and which sources make most sense.
Quirin Schiermeier et al.
doi:10.1038/454816a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23Q0En
----------------------
CORRESPONDENCE
----------------------
Mental health: maybe human troubles don't fit into set categories p824
Paul Reeve and Louigi Addario-Berry
doi:10.1038/454824a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23R0Eo
Mental health: don't overlook environment and its risk factors p824
John J. McGrath and Jean-Paul Selten
doi:10.1038/454824b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23S0Ep
Mental health: drop ideological baggage in favour of best tools p824
P. Alexander Arguello
doi:10.1038/454824c
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23T0Eq
----------------------
BOOKS AND ARTS
----------------------
On the scent pp825-826
For Marcel Proust, the madeleine evoked childhood memories -- a new
treatment of the science of smell attempts to take our everyday
experience of odour to a more insightful level, explains Gary Beauchamp.
Gary Beauchamp reviews What the Nose Knows: The Science of Scent in
Everyday Life by Avery Gilbert
doi:10.1038/454825a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23U0Er
Playing to win pp826-827
Nathaniel Comfort reviews Starting With Serotonin: How a High-Rolling
Father of Drug Discovery Repeatedly Beat the Odds by Ann G. Sjoerdsma
doi:10.1038/454826a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23V0Es
Challenging stereotypes p827
Ashleigh Griffin reviews Women in Science, Engineering and Technology:
Three Decades of UK Initiatives By Alison Phipps
doi:10.1038/454827a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23W0Et
Bucky's utopian universe p828
Christopher Turner reviews Buckminster Fuller: Starting With the
Universe
doi:10.1038/454828a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23X0Eu
In Retrospect: Godel's proof p829
In today's computer age, the implications of the discovery in formal
logic that Newman and Nagel articulated in 1958 are of even broader
interest, says Andrew Hodges.
Andrew Hodges reviews Godel's Proof by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman
doi:10.1038/454829a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23Y0Ev
Correction p829
doi:10.1038/454829b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23Z0Ew
----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Quantum mechanics: The speed of instantly pp831-832
Pairs of quantum-mechanically entangled particles seem to know at once
what is happening to each other. Experiments show that even if this
signalling is not instantaneous, it must be really, really fast.
Terence G. Rudolph
doi:10.1038/454831a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23a0E4
Biochemistry: Fit for an enzyme pp832-833
Certain enzymes that synthesize antibiotics play a game of pass the
parcel, handing biosynthetic intermediates from one active site to
another. A study reveals the dynamic nature of interactions between
the enzyme domains.
Shiven Kapur and Chaitan Khosla
doi:10.1038/454832a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23b0E5
Earth Science: Solid evidence in the inner core pp833-835
The indications are that a solid ball of iron lies at Earth's centre.
But only the identification of an elusive seismic signature can
confirm the long-standing assumption that it is indeed solid.
Kenneth C. Creager
doi:10.1038/454833a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23c0E6
Palaeontology: The last giant kangaroo pp835-836
Humans who colonized Australia did not reach Tasmania until thousands
of years later -- granting the island's giant kangaroos a brief
respite before they joined their Australian brethren in oblivion.
Jared Diamond
doi:10.1038/454835a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23d0E7
Nanotechnology: Shaping the void pp836-837
A vacuum may be devoid of matter, but its shape is still important.
The strength of the Casimir force caused by quantum fluctuations in
the space between surfaces is critically dependent on their
nanometre-scale shape.
Astrid Lambrecht
doi:10.1038/454836a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23e0E8
Immunology: Surprising side effects pp837-838
A drug that normally suppresses an immune response by trapping
lymphocytes in lymphoid organs results in the elimination of a chronic
viral infection when applied at low doses. Why should this be?
Michael J. Bevan and Pamela J. Fink
doi:10.1038/454837a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23f0EA
Autism: Family connections pp838-839
Autism is a common neurodevelopmental syndrome with a strong genetic
component. The study of autistic individuals whose parents are cousins
highlights the genetic diversity of this condition.
Daniel H. Geschwind
doi:10.1038/454838a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23g0EB
Neuroscience: State-sanctioned synchrony pp839-840
A sleepy brain pays little attention to its surroundings, and its
neurons are lulled by a common oscillation. As the brain swiftly
rouses from this sluggish state, its neurons function more
independently.
Scott J. Cruikshank and Barry W. Connors
doi:10.1038/454839a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23h0EC
----------------------
REVIEW
----------------------
Genomics of cellulosic biofuels pp841-845
Edward M. Rubin
doi:10.1038/nature07190
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23i0ED
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23j0EE
----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
UCP2 mediates ghrelin's action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free
radicals p846
Ghrelin stimulates food uptake by bringing about changes in
mitochondrial respiration and proliferation, which are essential for
activation of NPY/AgRP neurons. The effects of ghrelin are dependent
on the presence of UCP2.
Zane B. Andrews et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07181
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25Y0Ex
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25Z0Ey
Structural basis for translation termination on the 70S ribosome p852
A structure of the termination complex shows that release factors that
recognize stop codons cause the peptide chain and mRNA to dissociate
from the ribosome at the end of translation. A conserved motif in the
release factor participates in hydrolysis of the final tRNA peptide
bond.
Martin Laurberg, Haruichi Asahara, Andrei Korostelev, Jianyu Zhu,
Sergei Trakhanov & Harry F. Noller
doi:10.1038/nature07115
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25d0EA
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25e0EB
----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Compositional differences between meteorites and near-Earth
asteroids pp858-860
The compositions of the asteroids most likely to hit the Earth are
expected to reflect that of the most common meteorites.
Vernazza et al. report that most potentially hazardous and near-Earth
asteroids have spectral properties similar to LL chondrites, a class
of meteorites that is relatively rare.
P. Vernazza et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07154
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23o0EJ
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23p0EK
Testing the speed of 'spooky action at a distance' pp861-864
Experiments have almost ruled out a classical explanation for
entanglement, but it is possible that one event could influence a
second if the influence occurs faster than the speed of light. The
authors put experimental bounds on the speed of such hypothetical
influences.
Daniel Salart et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07121
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23q0EL
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23r0EM
Fullerenes from aromatic precursors by surface-catalysed
cyclodehydrogenation pp865-868
A step towards an improved method of fullerene production was the
recently reported synthesis of a precursor and its subsequent
dehydrogenation to C60. Otero et al. show that when depositing
precursors on a platinum surface and heating to 750 K, most precursors
are transformed into the corresponding fullerenes.
Gonzalo Otero et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07193
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23s0EN
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23t0EO
North American ice-sheet dynamics and the onset of 100,000-year
glacial cycles pp869-872
A palaeoclimatic problem is explaining the transition from 41-kyr to
100-kyr climatic cycles. Bintanja and colleagues suggest that the
gradual emergence of the 100-kyr cycles is due to the increased
ability of the North American ice sheets to survive insolation maxima
and reach continental size.
R. Bintanja and R. S. W. van de Wal
doi:10.1038/nature07158
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23u0EP
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23v0EQ
Inner-core shear-wave anisotropy and texture from an observation of
PKJKP waves pp873-876
James Wookey and George Helffrich
doi:10.1038/nature07131
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23w0ER
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23x0ES
Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics pp877-880
Seismologists have long striven to understand the Earth's inner core,
but the required seismic-wave observations are experimentally very
difficult. Now Wookey and Helffrich report two observations of an
inner-core shear-wave phase ('PKJKP'), and derive constraints on
inner-core properties.
Aaron A. King, Edward L. Ionides, Mercedes Pascual and Menno J. Bouma
doi:10.1038/nature07084
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23y0ET
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B23z0EU
Internal brain state regulates membrane potential synchrony in barrel
cortex of behaving mice p881
Differences in synchronized activity in cortical neurons characterize
different brain states. Petersen and colleagues now show that in mice
the membrane potential of nearby neurons is highly correlated during
quiet wakefulness but this correlation is reduced when mice are
actively whisking. This suggests that internal brain states dynamically
regulate cortical membrane potential synchrony during behaviour.
James F. A. Poulet & Carl C. H. Petersen
doi:10.1038/nature07150
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25r0EO
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25s0EP
On the spontaneous emergence of cell polarity pp886-889
A mathematical model shows that favouring chance recruitment of a
given signalling molecule to sites at the cell's membrane where it is
already bound-a positive feedback-is sufficient to allow the
spontaneous emergence of polarity, provided that the total pool of
this molecule is small.
Steven J. Altschuler, Sigurd B. Angenent, Yanqin Wang and Lani F. Wu
doi:10.1038/nature07119
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2330EJ
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2340EK
Drosophila RNAi screen identifies host genes important for influenza
virus replication p890
In this paper, a screening system based on the specific targeting of
Drosophila genes with an RNAi library identifies host factors involved
in influenza virus replication.
Linhui Hao et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07151
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25w0ET
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B25x0EU
Transient FTY720 treatment promotes immune-mediated clearance of a
chronic viral infection pp894-898
The immunosuppressive drug FTY720 is shown to prevent establishment
of a chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection in mice and to
cure established chronic infection. Clearance of the virus is
associated with an augmented virus specific T cell response.
Mary Premenko-Lanier et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07199
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2370EN
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2380EO
A discontinuous hammerhead ribozyme embedded in a mammalian messenger
RNA p899
Active ribozymes are identified in the 3' UTRs of several rodent
lectin genes. These have a split structure, such that both halves must
self cleave and reassemble to give activity, and could potentially
regulate gene expression.
Monika Martick, Lucas H. Horan, Harry F. Noller & William G. Scott
doi:10.1038/nature07117
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2510EJ
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B2520EK
Dynamic thiolation-thioesterase structure of a non-ribosomal peptide
synthetase pp903-906
The structure of the apo thiolation-thioesterase di-domain fragment of
the EntF non-ribosomal peptide synthetase subunit of enterobactin
synthetase is solved. Extensive inter- and intra-domain motions are
observed, and these are modulated by interactions with other proteins
that participate in the biosynthesis of enterobactin.
Dominique P. Frueh et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07162
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24C0Ea
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24D0Eb
Structural basis for the selectivity of the external thioesterase of
the surfactin synthetase pp907-911
The three-dimensional structure of a type II thioesterase, free and in
complex with a thiolation domain, is determined. Comparison with type
I thioesterases reveal the basis for substrate selectivity and the
different modes of interaction of the two types of thioesterases with
thiolation domains.
Alexander Koglin et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07161
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24E0Ec
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24F0Ed
----------------------
NATUREJOBS
----------------------
Prospect
Prospects p913
Expanding your curiosity can lead to more job opportunities.
Paul Smaglik
doi:10.1038/nj7206-913a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24G0Ee
----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
Subject to change p916
Getting to grips with scientific variables.
Joseph Lachance
doi:10.1038/454916a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24H0Ef
----------------------
Advance Online Publication
----------------------
13 August 2008
Article
Type IV collagens regulate BMP signalling in Drosophila
Xiaomeng Wang, Robin E. Harris, Laura J. Bayston & Hilary L. Ashe
doi:10.1038/nature07214
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24I0Eg
Letters
Autophagy in thymic epithelium shapes the T-cell repertoire and is
essential for tolerance
Jelena Nedjic, Martin Aichinger, Jan Emmerich, Noboru Mizushima
& Ludger Klein
doi:10.1038/nature07208
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24J0Eh
T-cell-expressed proprotein convertase furin is essential for
maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance
Marko Pesu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07210
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24K0Ei
Platelet-derived growth factor-alpha receptor activation is required
for human cytomegalovirus infection
Liliana Soroceanu, Armin Akhavan & Charles S. Cobbs
doi:10.1038/nature07209
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24L0Ej
11 August 2008
Letter
Three-dimensional optical metamaterial with a negative refractive index
Jason Valentine et al.
doi:10.1038/nature07247
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24M0Ek
10 August 2008
Articles
Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching
Victoria Gomez-Roldan et al.
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Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones
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doi:10.1038/nature07272
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emuH0Xztnp0HjB0B24O0Em
Letters
Neural correlates, computation and behavioural impact of decision
confidence
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doi:10.1038/nature07200
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High bacterivory by the smallest phytoplankton in the North Atlantic
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