August 2008 Volume 9 Number 8, pp 821 - 945
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EDITORIAL
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Don't stop me now p821
Despite pessimism in the media surrounding the recent failure of the
Merck HIV vaccine, researchers should applaud their achievements and
step up to the challenges ahead.
doi:10.1038/ni0808-821
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4m0El
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MEETING REPORT
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Reflecting on a quarter century of HIV research pp823 - 826
The AIDS pandemic is caused by human immunodeficiency virus, which
was discovered at the Institut Pasteur in 1983. In May 2008,
scientists met in Paris to discuss the progress and setbacks of 25
years of research in this field and to debate future directions.
Andrew E Armitage, Andrew J McMichael and Hal Drakesmith
doi:10.1038/ni0808-823
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4n0Em
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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A 'fly-by' killing with a primordial cellular weapon pp827 - 829
Autophagy has been suggested-on the basis of in vitro
studies-to be involved in defense against bacterial challenge.
A study in drosophila now shows the importance of autophagy in
vivo and links a pattern recognition receptor to the autophagy
pathway.
Herbert Virgin
doi:10.1038/ni0808-827
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4o0En
Cat and mouse pp829 - 830
New findings show that ERAAP, an endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase
involved in antigen processing, helps mice survive encounters with a
feline-derived parasite.
Julio C Delgado and Peter E Jensen
doi:10.1038/ni0808-829
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4p0Eo
NLRs and the dangers of pollution and aging pp831 - 833
The production of inflammatory interleukin 1beta after uptake of
silica crystals and alum salt or amyloid-beta occurs by a process
that involves lysosomal destabilization and release of cathepsin B
that activates the NLRP3 inflammasome.
Stephen B Willingham and Jenny P-Y Ting
doi:10.1038/ni0808-831
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4q0Ep
Distinct functions for HS1 in chemosensory versus adhesive signaling
pp833 - 834
Host immunity requires cytotoxic lymphocytes that are able to move
toward their targets but are also able to stop after identifying
target cells and then establish stable cell-cell contact. A new
study shows that separate phosphorylation sites in HS1, an actin
cytoskeleton-remodeling factor, can regulate both processes.
Peter Beemiller and Matthew F Krummel
doi:10.1038/ni0808-833
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4r0Eq
Arrestin NK cell cytotoxicity pp835 - 836
A key regulator of the balance of signals that activate effector
mechanisms versus those that restrain them, beta-arrestin 2 mediates
the inhibition of natural killer cell cytotoxicity.
Yenan T Bryceson and Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
doi:10.1038/ni0808-835
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4s0Er
Research Highlights p837
doi:10.1038/ni0808-837
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4t0Es
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REVIEW
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MicroRNAs: new regulators of immune cell development and function
pp839 - 845
David Baltimore et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.f.209
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4u0Et
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4v0Eu
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ARTICLES
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Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome
through phagosomal destabilization pp847 - 856
Activation of the NALP3 inflammasome induces interleukin 1beta
production and inflammation. Latz and colleagues show that silica
uptake followed by lysosome disruption and cathepsin B release
activates the NALP3 inflammasome.
Veit Hornung et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1631
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4w0Ev
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4x0Ew
The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to
amyloid-beta pp857 - 865
The events leading to the inflammation and tissue damage associated
with Alzheimer's disease are unclear. Golenbock and colleagues now
show that amyloid-beta activates the NALP3 inflammasome, which
triggers the release of proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors.
Annett Halle et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1636
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4y0Ex
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz4z0Ey
Superoxide dismutase 1 regulates caspase-1 and endotoxic shock
pp866 - 872
The enzyme superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) protects cells from
superoxide toxicity. Zychlinsky and colleagues find that
post-translational glutathionylation of caspase-1 by SOD1 triggers
caspase-1 activation and subsequent interleukin 1beta production.
Felix Meissner, Kaaweh Molawi and Arturo Zychlinsky
doi:10.1038/ni.1633
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz410El
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz420Em
Resolvin E1 regulates interleukin 23, interferon-gamma and lipoxin
A4 to promote the resolution of allergic airway inflammation
pp873 - 879
The influence of the lipid mediator resolvin E1 on adaptive immune
responses is unclear. Levy and colleagues show that it suppresses
airway inflammation in part by decreasing the release of IL-23 and
IL-6 from dendritic cells.
Oliver Haworth et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1627
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz430En
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz440Eo
Nonmuscle myosin light-chain kinase mediates neutrophil transmigration
in sepsis-induced lung inflammation by activating beta2 integrins
pp880 - 886
To kill pathogens, neutrophils must be able to transmigrate into
tissues. Xu and colleagues show that the kinase MYLK, by
phosphorylating Pyk2, is required for neutrophils to reach
sites of infection.
Jingsong Xu et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1628
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz450Ep
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz460Eq
Differently phosphorylated forms of the cortactin homolog HS1 mediate
distinct functions in natural killer cells pp887 - 897
Essential for antigen-driven T cell responses, the cortactin homolog
HS1 may also influence natural killer cell biology. Butler and
colleagues identify functions for cortactin in natural killer cell
cytotoxicity, adhesion and chemotaxis.
Boyd Butler, Diana H Kastendieck and John A Cooper
doi:10.1038/ni.1630
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz470Er
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz480Es
An essential function for beta-arrestin 2 in the inhibitory
signaling of natural killer cells pp898 - 907
Inhibitory receptors antagonize natural killer cell cytotoxicity.
Ge and colleagues show that the scaffold protein beta-arrestin 2
recruits the phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2 to the inhibitory receptor
KIR2DL1 to enhance 'downstream' inhibitory signaling.
Ming-Can Yu et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1635
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5A0E3
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5B0E4
Autophagic control of listeria through intracellular innate immune
recognition in drosophila pp908 - 916
The importance of autophagy in host survival during intracellular
bacteria infection remains unclear. Kurata and colleagues show that
in drosophila, autophagy initiated by the pattern-recognition
receptor PGRP-LE promotes survival after Listeria monocytogenes
infection.
Tamaki Yano et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1634
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5C0E5
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5D0E6
Identification of regulatory functions for 4-1BB and 4-1BBL in
myelopoiesis and the development of dendritic cells pp917 - 926
The TNF receptor 4-1BB functions as a costimulatory molecule in T
cells. Croft and colleagues show that binding of 4-1BB to its ligand
regulates the production of dendritic cells by inhibiting
myelopoiesis.
Seung-Woo Lee et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1632
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5E0E7
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5F0E8
Regulation of B cell fate commitment and immunoglobulin heavy-chain
gene rearrangements by Ikaros pp927 - 936
The transcription factor Ikaros has many functions essential for
hematopoiesis. Singh and colleagues show that Ikaros is required for
RAG recombinase expression and regulation of VH accessibility in
developing B cells.
Damien Reynaud et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1626
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5G0EA
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5H0EB
Immunodominant, protective response to the parasite Toxoplasma gondii
requires antigen processing in the endoplasmic reticulum
pp937 - 944
The Toxoplasma gondii peptides recognized by protective CD8+ T cells
remain uncharacterized. Shastri and colleagues identify an
immunodominant T. gondii peptide generated by a mechanism dependent
on the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase ERAAP.
Nicolas Blanchard et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1629
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5I0EC
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5J0ED
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ERRATUM
----------------------
Erratum: Structure of and influence of a tick complement inhibitor
on human complement component 5 p945
Folmer Fredslund et al.
doi:10.1038/ni0808-945
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/emOo0Xztnp0HjR0Bz5K0EE
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