June 2008 Volume 14 Number 6, pp 587 - 693
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Nature Reviews Immunology Focus on Mucosal Immunology
The field of mucosal immunology is undergoing a revival.
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EDITORIAL
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Prospects for AIDS prevention p587
With the future of HIV vaccines unclear, the pursuit of alternate strategies to curb the spread of AIDS is welcome.
doi:10.1038/nm0608-587
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaK0Ek
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CORRESPONDENCE
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NACO and the World Bank are correct in their crackdowns p588
D. Gene Pace and Omar Bagasra
doi:10.1038/nm0608-588
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaL0El
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NEWS
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Concerns over 'shifting sands' linger as genetic testing expands p589
Roxanne Khamsi
doi:10.1038/nm0608-589
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaM0Em
Britain moves toward loosening embryo laws despite objections p590
Michael Hopkin
doi:10.1038/nm0608-590a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaN0En
International effort seeks to identify mutations that drive cancer p590
Charlie Schmidt
doi:10.1038/nm0608-590b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaO0Eo
News in brief: headlines from the past month pp591 - 592
doi:10.1038/nm0608-591
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaP0Ep
Payments in planned HIV trial raise ethical concerns p593
Meredith Wadman
doi:10.1038/nm0608-593a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaQ0Eq
New effort seeks to unravel the mystery of undiagnosed disease p593
Vicki Brower
doi:10.1038/nm0608-593b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaR0Er
Free to fight disease pp594 - 597
Long ignored by pharmaceutical companies and global health agencies alike, 'neglected tropical diseases' devastate people in the poorest parts of the world. But they're finally getting the attention they deserve, reports Apoorva Mandavilli.
Apoorva Mandavilli
doi:10.1038/nm0608-594
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaS0Es
Donation after disaster strikes p596
doi:10.1038/nm0608-596
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaT0Et
Straight talk with... Alan Gillespie pp598 - 599
Finding the financial means to achieve global health targets poses a huge challenge. Government donations can take years or even decades after formal approval to actually arrive. To overcome this hurdle and quickly raise huge sums for child vaccination programs, the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFIm, pronounced 'if im') raises funds from private investors by offering them bonds backed by government pledges. Alan Gillespie, chairman of the board at IFFIm, interfaces between the source of the funds, the capital markets and the distributor, the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (The GAVI Alliance). Guided by Gillespie, IFFIm has thus far raised over [dollar]1 billion for vaccines, which is already flowing through GAVI into childhood immunization programs. Gillespie, who also serves as chairman of the Ulster Bank Group in Belfast, explains IFFIm's unique funding approach to Genevive Bjorn.
doi:10.1038/nm0608-598
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaU0Eu
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BOOK REVIEW
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The stem cell parade p601
Margaret A Goodell reviews Cell of CellsCynthia Fox
doi:10.1038/nm0608-601
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaV0Ev
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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Multiple layers of metabolism pp603 - 604
A new layer of gene regulation emerges for the metabolic regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-[delta] (PPAR-[delta]). A team consisting of a Kruppel-like transcription factor and a SUMO protease regulate the expression of PPAR-[delta] target genes, thereby controlling energy metabolism (pages 656-666).
Mukesh K Jain
doi:10.1038/nm0608-603
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaW0Ew
The long reach of leptin pp604 - 606
The energy-regulating hormone leptin affects signals emerging from certain brain regions. New results explore the nature of these signals, finding a central role for phosphoinositide-3 kinase in the brain and the endocannabinoid system in adipocytes (pages 667-675).
Eleftheria Maratos-Flier
doi:10.1038/nm0608-604
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaX0Ex
Keeping blood clots at bay in sepsis pp606 - 608
Clearance of platelets by the liver can help counteract the dangerous blood coagulation that can occur during sepsis. The mechanism involves clearance of platelets through the liver's Ashwell receptor, which binds to platelet glycoproteins altered by sepsis-causing bacteria (pages 648-655).
Cornelis van 't Veer and Tom van der Poll
doi:10.1038/nm0608-606
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaY0Ey
Gilbert Ashwell: sweet on science p608
In 1974, Gilbert Ashwell and Anatol Morell discovered a receptor in the liver that recognizes particular glycoproteins, dubbed asialoglycoproteins. We asked Ashwell about his discoveries and what he thinks of the study by Grewal et al. in this issue, which suggests that the receptor is involved in regulating sepsis.
doi:10.1038/nm0608-608
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0BwaZ0Ez
Lung NKT cell commotion takes your breath away pp609 - 610
Infectious agents can induce inflammatory lung disease akin to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Work in a new mouse model provides mechanistic insight into this process and uncovers a key role for invariant natural killer T cells (pages 633-540).
Sebastian Joyce and Luc Van Kaer
doi:10.1038/nm0608-609
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwaa0E7
Community corner p611
doi:10.1038/nm0608-611
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwab0E8
Research Highlights pp612 - 613
doi:10.1038/nm0608-612
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwac0EA
Bench to Bedside: Tempering antigen-presenting cells in multiple sclerosis pp614 - 615
A variety of immune cell types contribute to disease in individuals with multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune condition of the central nervous system. Thomas Prod'homme and Scott Zamvil comment on the 'Bench to Bedside' approach, examining how recent basic research implicates the antigen-presenting cell in this disease. In our 'Bedside to Bench' column, Hans Link explores how recent clinical trials may bolster a mechanistic role for the B cell.
Thomas Prod'homme and Scott S Zamvil
doi:10.1038/nm0608-614
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwad0EB
Bench to Bedside: Betting on B cells in multiple sclerosis pp615 - 616
A variety of immune cell types contribute to disease in individuals with multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune condition of the central nervous system. Thomas Prod'homme and Scott Zamvil comment on the 'Bench to Bedside' approach, examining how recent basic research implicates the antigen-presenting cell in this disease. In our 'Bedside to Bench' column, Hans Link explores how recent clinical trials may bolster a mechanistic role for the B cell.
Hans Link
doi:10.1038/nm0608-615
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwae0EC
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PERSPECTIVE
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Nonhuman primate models and the failure of the Merck HIV-1 vaccine in humans pp617 - 621
David I Watkins et al.
doi:10.1038/nm.f.1759
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwaf0ED
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwag0EE
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REVIEW
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CD8+ T cell efficacy in vaccination and disease pp623 - 628
Victor Appay, Daniel C Douek and David A Price
doi:10.1038/nm.f.1774
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwah0EF
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwai0EG
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BRIEF COMMUNICATION
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Small interfering RNA-mediated xCT silencing in gliomas inhibits neurodegeneration and alleviates brain edema pp629 - 632
Nicolai E Savaskan et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1772
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwaj0EH
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwak0EI
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ARTICLES
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Persistent activation of an innate immune response translates respiratory viral infection into chronic lung disease pp633 - 640
Edy Y Kim et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1770
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwal0EJ
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwam0EK
Identification of calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand as a human host restriction to HIV-1 release overcome by Vpu pp641 - 647
Vasundhara Varthakavi et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1778
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwan0EL
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwao0EM
The Ashwell receptor mitigates the lethal coagulopathy of sepsis pp648 - 655
Prabhjit K Grewal et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1760
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwap0EN
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwaq0EO
SUMOylation of Kruppel-like transcription factor 5 acts as a molecular switch in transcriptional programs of lipid metabolism involving PPAR-[delta] pp656 - 666
Yumiko Oishi et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1756
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwar0EP
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwas0EQ
Leptin controls adipose tissue lipogenesis via central, STAT3-independent mechanisms pp667 - 675
Christoph Buettner et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1775
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwat0ER
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwau0ES
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LETTERS
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The anaplastic lymphoma kinase is an effective oncoantigen for lymphoma vaccination pp676 - 680
Roberto Chiarle et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1769
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwav0ET
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwaw0EU
Blocking TGF-[beta]-Smad2/3 innate immune signaling mitigates Alzheimer-like pathology pp681 - 687
Terrence Town et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1781
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwax0EV
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bway0EW
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TECHNICAL REPORT
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Matching of oligoclonal immunoglobulin transcriptomes and proteomes of cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis pp688 - 693
Birgit Obermeier et al.
doi:10.1038/nm1714
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwaz0EX
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elJj0Xztnp0HjT0Bwa10EK
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