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World Stem Cell Summit 2010

Wednesday, March 26, 2008

Nature 27 March 2008 Volume 452 Number 7186, pp387-502

NATURE

27 March 2008 Volume 452 Number 7186, pp 387-502

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----------------------
EDITORIALS
----------------------
1917-2008: A Space Optimist p387
Arthur C. Clarke's technological prescience deserves to be honoured;
his endless optimism needs to be cherished.
doi:10.1038/452387a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBj0EE

Critical journalism pp387-388
Science coverage is on the wane when public scrutiny of science is more
important than ever.
doi:10.1038/452387b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBk0EF

A reprogramming rush p388
Stem-cell research is in danger of falling foul of haste.
doi:10.1038/452388a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBl0EG

----------------------
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
----------------------
Research highlights pp390-391
doi:10.1038/452390a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBm0EH

----------------------
JOURNAL CLUB
----------------------
Journal club p391
Moty Heiblum
doi:10.1038/452391a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBn0EI

----------------------
NEWS
----------------------
£130-million cut to grants hits UK physical scientists pp392-393
Researchers fear job cuts.
Daniel Cressey
doi:10.1038/452392a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0Bq2M0ES

String theorists hope to classify the cosmos pp392-393
Dimensions of space-time used to order potential universes.
Geoff Brumfiel
doi:10.1038/452392b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBo0EJ

Sidelines pp393
Scribbles on the margins of science.
doi:10.1038/452393a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBp0EK

Bagged and boxed: it's a frog's life pp394-395
As many amphibians face the very real threat of being
completely wiped out by disease, climate change and
pollution, Emma Marris looks at a controversial approach
to save some of them in glass boxes.
doi:10.1038/452394a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBq0EL

Laptops track Earth's shakes, rattles and rolls pp397
A geoscientist devises a way to boost computing power.
Erik Vance
doi:10.1038/452397a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBr0EM

Veto blocks Kansas coal plants - for now pp398
doi:10.1038/452398a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBs0EN

Science debate looking less likely in Philadelphia pp398
doi:10.1038/452398b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBt0EO

Valuable bacterial archive destroyed pp398
doi:10.1038/452398c
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBu0EP

China declares ambitious alternative-energy plans pp399
doi:10.1038/452399a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBv0EQ

Faculty protest at sale of Canadian observatory pp399
doi:10.1038/452399b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBw0ER

Joint drug venture to end after 30 years pp399
doi:10.1038/452399c
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBx0ES

Outstanding mentors in Germany pp399
doi:10.1038/452399d
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBy0ET

----------------------
NEWS FEATURES
----------------------

Chemistry: The photon trap pp400-402
Chemists have long wanted to recreate photosynthesis in the lab — and
to improve on its efficiency at converting sunlight into fuel. Katharine
Sanderson reports on their latest efforts.
doi:10.1038/452400a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrBz0EU

Biodiversity: Frozen futures pp404-405
The 'Doomsday vault' buried in the Arctic ice will provide a backup
for the world's seeds. But more needs to be done to safeguard food
diversity, says Michael Hopkin.
doi:10.1038/452404a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB10EH

Stem cells: 5 things to know before jumping on the iPS bandwagon pp406-408
Induced pluripotent stem cells look just like embryonic stem cells,
but are easier to create and free of the heavy ethics baggage.
David Cyranoski separates fact from fiction in a burgeoning field.
doi:10.1038/452406a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB20EI

----------------------
CORRESPONDENCE
----------------------
Canadian government is committed to science p409
Jim Prentice
doi:10.1038/452409a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB30EJ

Call for a centralized grant proposal repository p409
Noam Y. Harel
doi:10.1038/452409b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB40EK

Unfair statistics take the bloom off St Louis p409
Scott Jacques
doi:10.1038/452409c
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB50EL

----------------------
BOOKS AND ARTS
----------------------
View from the top pp411-412
From prisoner-of-war to head of Europe's space agency, astrophysicist
Reimar Lust reflects on his career.
Stefan Klein reviews Der Wissenschaftsmacher
doi:10.1038/452411a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB60EM

Exhibition: Industrial paint's artistic legacy p412
Christopher Turner reviews Color Chart: Reinventing Color, 1950 to Today
doi:10.1038/452412a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB70EN

Exhibition: How faces share feelings p413
Jascha Hoffman reviews The Search for Universals in Human Emotion:
Photographs from the New Guinea Expedition
doi:10.1038/452413a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrB80EO

Exhibition: An eye for detail p413
Jenny Meyer reviews Maria Sibylla Merian & Daughters: Women of
Art and Science
doi:10.1038/452413b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCA0EY

Hidden treasures: Florence's botanical collection p414
Italy's first centralized museum of plants was one of the early
flowerings of the unification movement. Alison Abbott reports on an
important scientific legacy.
doi:10.1038/452414a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCB0EZ

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=====================================================================

----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Catalysis: Triumph of a chemical underdog pp415-416
In the fable of the tortoise and the hare, the reptilian slowcoach
beats its fleet-footed rival in a race. A zinc catalyst recreates
this story by giving a less reactive chemical group a turn of speed
over a rival group.
Gorka Peris and Scott J. Miller
doi:10.1038/452415a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCD0Eb

Circadian rhythms: Stem cells traffic in time pp416-417
Circadian activity in the brain regulates the movement of blood stem
cells into and out of the bone marrow. Perhaps this process is testing
the suitability of these cell 'tenants' for their new home -- the
remodelling bone.
David T. Scadden
doi:10.1038/452416a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCE0Ec

Astronomy: Starbursts near and far pp417-419
Observations of intensely bright star-forming galaxies both close
by and in the far Universe seem to emphasize their similarities.
But look a little closer, and telling differences emerge.
Yu Gao
doi:10.1038/452417a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCF0Ed

50 & 100 Years Ago p417
doi:10.1038/452417b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCG0Ee

Nanoelectronics: Spin surprise in carbon pp419-420
Spintronics is an emerging branch of electronics that exploits
electrons' spin, rather than charge. In carbon nanotubes, the coupling
of this spin with electron motion could offer a desirable way to control
quantum information.
Arne Brataas
doi:10.1038/452419a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCH0Ef

Neuroscience: Strength in numbers pp420-421
To store information, the brain modulates synapses, which mediate
communication between neurons. A closer look hints that subcellular
changes in response to groups of synapses facilitate this process.
Nelson Spruston
doi:10.1038/452420a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCI0Eg

Analytical chemistry: Do-it-yourself microfluidics p421
Tim Lincoln
doi:10.1038/452421a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCJ0Eh

Obituary: Joshua Lederberg (1925-2008) p422
Decisive discoveries in bacterial genetics.
Baruch S. Blumberg
doi:10.1038/452422a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCK0Ei

----------------------
ARTICLE
----------------------

Genetics of gene expression and its effect on disease p423
In this paper gene expression is treated as a quantitative trait in
both blood and adipose tissue, and associations between specific
genetic loci and body mass index are identified using a molecular
network approach.
Valur Emilsson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06758
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCL0Ej
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCM0Ek

Variations in DNA elucidate molecular networks that cause disease p429
Standard approaches to identify the genetic changes that lead to disease
are reversed by examination of genetic networks for perturbations that
are associated with disease states, and following up candidate genes
from there. This begins with three genes in mice that lead to obesity
when mutated, demonstrating that complex genetic–environmental traits
can be dissected with this new approach.
Yanqing Chen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06757
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCN0El
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCO0Em

Compartmentalized dendritic plasticity and input feature storage in neurons pp436-441
A newly discovered mechanism for synaptic plasticity whereby
higher-order information can be stored in the forward propagation
of local dendritic branch spikes is described. It is reported that
coupling between branches and the soma is not static as previously
thought, but that an associative form of branch plasticity allows
neurons to encode the spatio-temporal correlation of inputs.
Attila Losonczy, Judit K. Makara and Jeffrey C. Magee
doi:10.1038/nature06725
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCP0En
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCQ0Eo

Haematopoietic stem cell release is regulated by circadian oscillations p442
Circulating haematopoetic stem cells and their progenitors exhibit
robust circadian fluctuations, peaking 5 hours after the initiation of
light and reaching a nadir 5 hours after darkness. Circadian oscillations
are markedly altered when mice are subjected to continuous light or to
a 'jet lag' (defined as a shift of 12 h). Data also suggests that circadian,
neurally driven haematopoetic stem cells release during the animal's
resting period may promote regeneration of the stem cell niche, and
possibly of other tissues.
Simón Méndez-Ferrer, Daniel Lucas, Michela Battista & Paul S. Frenette
doi:10.1038/nature06685
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCR0Ep
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCS0Eq

----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
Coupling of spin and orbital motion of electrons in carbon nanotubes pp448-452
Based on a detailed set of electronic transport measurements on high
quality, clean single-walled carbon nanotubes, direct signatures of
electron spin orbit coupling are observed. The findings may lead to
new design principles for the realization of qubits in nanotubes.
Furthermore, the observed spin orbit coupling may prove to be a valuable
tool as a mechanism for all electrical control of spins in carbon
nanotubes.
F. Kuemmeth, S. Ilani, D. C. Ralph and P. L. McEuen
doi:10.1038/nature06822
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCT0Er
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCU0Es

Proline-catalysed Mannich reactions of acetaldehyde p453
Organocatalysts are useful in a wide range of useful transformations,
including a carbon–carbon bond forming process known as the Mannich
reaction. But these reactions always failed when the simplest possible
substrate, acetaldehyde, was used. This paper has now filled this gap
in the market by devising effective organocatalytic conditions for
Mannich reactions with acetaldehyde, greatly expanding the chemical
'toolkit' of organic chemists.
Jung Woon Yang, Carley Chandler, Michael Stadler, Daniela Kampen &
Benjamin List
doi:10.1038/nature06740
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCV0Et
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCW0Eu

Tracing the stepwise oxygenation of the Proterozoic ocean pp456-459
Molybdenum and total organic carbon data from black shales is used to
gain insights into the redox state of the ocean. The data suggests
mild oxidative weathering of the continents before ~2,200 Myr ago,
but weathering becomes more persistent and vigorous at ~2,150 Myr
ago, 200 million years after the initial rise in atmospheric oxygen.
Limited availability of molybdenum after 1,800 Myr ago may have acted
as a negative nutrient feedback limiting the spatial and temporal
extent of sulphidic conditions.
C. Scott et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06811
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCX0Ev
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCY0Ew

Lower-crustal intrusion on the North Atlantic continental margin pp460-464
Near the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic, the majority of basalt is
intruded into the continent–ocean transition, rather than extruded onto
the surface. This melt is intruded into the lower crust as sills, which
cross cut the continental fabric, rather than as an 'underplate' of 100%
melt, as has often been assumed.
R. S. White et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06687
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCZ0Ex
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCa0E5

The first hominin of Europe pp465-469
The discovery of a human lower jaw associated with stone tools and
animal bones from the Sima del Elefante in northern Spain is reported.
The finds have been dated to between 1.1 and 1.2 million years using
a variety of dating techniques, making the site the oldest and most
accurately dated record of human occupation in Europe.
Eudald Carbonell et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06815
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCb0E6
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCc0E7

Pleiotropic scaling of gene effects and the 'cost of complexity' pp470-472
As more genetic sequence data are generated, evolutionary biology
questions about inheritance and phenotypes can be examined with
sophisticated analyses. This paper examines pleiotropy, or multiple
effects from one genetic mutation, on the skeletal characteristics
of mice. It is concluded there is no 'cost of complexity' for higher
organisms.
Gunter P. Wagner et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06756
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCd0E8
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCe0EA

The Drosophila pheromone cVA activates a sexually dimorphic neural circuit p473
Despite marked behavioural differences between the sexes, surprisingly
few anatomic features have been observed that differentiate the male
and female brain in any species. But this study unveils a sexual
dimorphism in the neuronal circuit responding to a pheromone, which
induces different courtship behaviours in male and female fruitflies.
The single neuron tracing technique that has been developed to do so
should be useful to study the nervous systems of other genetically
tractable species.
Sandeep Robert Datta et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06808
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCf0EB
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCg0EC

Molecular identification of a retinal cell type that responds to upward motion pp478-482
A transgenic molecular marking method is used to identify a class of mouse
OFF retinal ganglion cells that selectivity respond to upwards motion and
have a distinctive corresponding asymmetric morphology.
In-Jung Kim et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06739
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCh0ED
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCi0EE

CO2 regulator SLAC1 and its homologues are essential for anion homeostasis
in plant cells p483
One of two related studies that describe the identification of a protein
which is an essential component for S type anion channel function and
is required for stomatal closure in response to a variety of physiological
and stress stimuli including carbon dioxide and ozone.
Juntaro Negi et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06720
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCj0EF
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCk0EG

SLAC1 is required for plant guard cell S-type anion channel function
in stomatal signalling p487
One of two related studies that describe the identification of a protein
which is an essential component for S type anion channel function and
is required for stomatal closure in response to a variety of physiological
and stress stimuli including carbon dioxide and ozone.
Triin Vahisalu et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06608
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCl0EH
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCm0EI

SIRT6 is a histone H3 lysine 9 deacetylase that modulates telomeric chromatin p492
The Sir2 family member SIRT6 is an NAD dependent, histone H3 lysine 9
deacetylase enzyme that modulates telomeric chromatin and is required
for stable association of WRN, the factor that is mutated in Werner Syndrome.
Eriko Michishita et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06736
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCn0EJ
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCo0EK

----------------------
NATURE JOBS
----------------------

Prospect
Prospects p497
Disease prevention should be fertile ground for researchers — if
policy–makers catch up with the experts.
Gene Russo
doi:10.1038/nj7186-497a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCp0EL

Special Report
The art of self-defence p498
Vaccines are no longer 'worthy but dull'. A heady mix of funding and
breakthroughs is bringing this once-quiet area to life, says Virginia Gewin.
Virginia Gewin
doi:10.1038/nj7186-498a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCq0EM

----------------------
FUTURES
----------------------
Acting up p502
Never work with children or animals.
Elizabeth Counihan
doi:10.1038/452502a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCr0EN

------------------------------
ADVANCE ONLINE PUBLICATION
------------------------------
26 March 2008
Sequence- and target-independent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3
Mark E. Kleinman et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06765
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCs0EO

LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates
Joacim Elmén et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06783
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCt0EP

Retinotopic order in the absence of axon competition
Nathan J. Gosse et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06816
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCu0EQ

TGF-beta-induced Foxp3 inhibits TH17 cell differentiation by antagonizing
RORbold gammat function
Liang Zhou et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06878
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCv0ER

23 March 2008
Control of Treg and TH17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Francisco J. Quintana et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06880
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCw0ES

The genome of the model beetle and pest Tribolium castaneum
Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium
doi:10.1038/nature06784
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCx0ET

REST maintains self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells
Sadhan Majumder et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06863
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCy0EU

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor links TH17-cell-mediated autoimmunity to
environmental toxins
Marc Veldhoen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06881
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/ejut0Xztnp0HjB0BrCz0EV

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