Method could speed the production of future stem cell therapies
Irvine, Calif., December 20, 2007
UC Irvine scientists have found a new way to sort stem cells that
should be quicker, easier and more cost-effective than current
methods. The technique could in the future expedite therapies for
people with conditions ranging from brain and spinal cord damage to
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
The method uses electrodes on a tiny, inch-long glass slide to sort
cells by their electric charges and has been used in cancer
research. The stem cell field suffers from a lack of tools for
identifying and sorting cells. This important discovery could add a
new tool to current sorting methods, which generally require
expensive, bulky equipment.
"For therapeutic purposes, we want stem cells to turn into specific
cell types once they have been transplanted. The trick to doing this
is identifying beforehand which cells will become the desired cell
type, such as a neuron," said Lisa Flanagan, lead author of the
study and a stem cell biologist at UCI. "We have discovered a new,
potentially better way to do this by focusing on the electric
properties of the cells."
This study appears online Dec. 20 in the journal Stem Cells.
The technique used by the scientists, called dielectrophoresis, is
based on the premise that different types of cells have different
electric properties. Stem cells that are destined to become neurons,
for example, have a different electric charge than stem cells that
will become astrocytes, another type of brain cell. The scientists
discovered that the cells react differently when electric fields are
applied. At one frequency, a neuron will be attracted to an
electrode but an astrocyte will not, and at a different frequency,
an astrocyte will be attracted but a neuron will not.
Identifying and sorting stem cells is important when creating stem
cell-based therapies. Without a purification process, stem cell
transplantations can cause tumors or be rejected by the body's
immune system.
In this study, the scientists wanted to identify and collect stem
cells that were destined to become neurons, which are cells in the
brain and spinal cord that process and transmit information. Neurons
that die as a result of injury or disease do not regenerate, which
is why people with neuronal loss suffer problems such as paralysis
and memory loss. Scientists believe that stem cell transplantations
might be able to restore part of the lost function.
With the goal of identifying future neurons, UCI engineers built a
tiny device using a glass slide to perform the dielectrophoresis.
First, scientists place unsorted mouse stem cells on one side of the
device. The cells then float in sugar water through a tiny channel
past electrodes set to a particular frequency. At a certain
frequency, stem cells destined to become neurons will stick to the
electrodes while other cells pass by. The cells that stick then can
be removed and grouped together, potentially for use in a therapy.
Currently, stem cells most often are separated using a machine
called a fluorescence-
which use lasers to detect the light scattering and fluorescent
characteristics of the cells, can weigh hundreds of pounds and cost
$500,000 or more. The UCI-designed dielectrophoresis device is just
a fraction of the size and cost. The two devices could be used to
complement each other to create ultra pure stem cell populations.
"Once the mold is created, these sorts of devices can cost just
pennies to make," said Ed Monuki, senior author and UCI
developmental biologist. "You could have many for every member of
your lab and it wouldn't be prohibitively expensive."
A strong collaborative partnership between UCI biologists and
engineers made this discovery possible. With input from biologists,
engineers built the device in UCI's Integrated Nanosystems Research
Facility. "This represents truly an interdisciplinary effort that
expands the horizon in both biology and engineering fields," said
Abraham Lee, a study co-author affiliated with the Department of
Biomedical Engineering in The Henry Samueli School of Engineering at
UCI.
The biologists are affiliated with the UCI Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, the Department of Developmental and Cell
Biology, and the Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center. A hub
for stem cell research in Southern California, UCI is raising money
for a new building that will house its stem cell researchers, the
core laboratory, training facilities and research space. UCI is
applying to the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine for a
facilities grant to build the structure.
Jente Lu, Lisen Wang, Steve Marchenko and Noo Li Jeon of UCI also
worked on this study, which was supported by the Roman Reed Spinal
Cord Injury Research Fund of California.
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