July 2008 Volume 9 Number 7, pp 693 - 819
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Nature Reviews Immunology Focus on Mucosal Immunology
The field of mucosal immunology is undergoing a revival. Nature Reviews Immunology is proud to present a special Focus issue highlighting the recent advances in this field, including insights into HIV infection ,mucosal vaccines, immune regulation and its relationship to inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease and the immunological importance of epithelial cells.
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EDITORIALS
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Celebrating great ideas p693
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the Nobel Prize in
Physiology or Medicine awarded jointly to Paul Ehrlich and
Ilya Metchnikov.
doi:10.1038/ni0708-693a
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsB0ER
Science in an open society p693
A vibrant and eclectic international immunology meeting recently
took place in the Arabian Desert of the United Arab Emirates, in
the heart of the Islamic world.
doi:10.1038/ni0708-693b
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsC0ES
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MEETING REPORTS
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Metchnikoff's Legacy in 2008 pp695 - 698
This report presents themes highlighted during the eclectic and
stimulating Metchnikoff's Legacy in 2008 meeting hosted at the
Institut Pasteur in April 2008 in honor of the 100th anniversary
of the 1908 Nobel Prize.
Carl Nathan
doi:10.1038/ni0708-695
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsD0ET
Immunology in the Arabian desert pp699 - 703
Increasing evidence suggests that immune mechanisms underlie major
inflammatory diseases that show no overt microbial etiology. In this
context, a 4-day conference of clinical and nonclinical scientists
convened in the United Arab Emirates to consider recent research
developments in this fast-moving field.
Basel al-Ramadi, Adrian Hayday and Wilhelm Schwaeble
doi:10.1038/ni0708-699
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsE0EU
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HISTORICAL COMMENTARY
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Immunology's foundation: the 100-year anniversary of the Nobel Prize
to Paul Ehrlich and Elie Metchnikoff pp705 - 712
Stefan H E Kaufmann
doi:10.1038/ni0708-705
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsF0EV
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsG0EW
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NEWS AND VIEWS
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New dimensions of CIITA pp713 - 714
CIITA encodes the 'master regulator' of the expression of major
histocompatibility complex class II genes. A new layer of complexity
has been identified in the control of CIITA expression, which
involves the formation of a complex three-dimensional chromatin
structure promoted by interactions among many distant regulatory
elements.
Walter Reith and Jeremy M Boss
doi:10.1038/ni0708-713
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsH0EX
Erg in stem cells: a function emerges pp714 - 716
Transcription factors of the Ets family are important for mammalian
development. A genetic screen now finds that the Ets family member
Erg is essential for definitive hematopoiesis and adult hematopoietic
stem cell function.
Ellen V Rothenberg
doi:10.1038/ni0708-714
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsI0EY
PTEN gives neutrophils direction pp716 - 718
Neutrophils can respond to many chemotactic signals, but how these
cells 'prioritize' such signals to react to invading pathogens has
remained unclear. The phosphatase PTEN seems to be critical in
directing the migration of neutrophils toward their end target in a
complex milieu of competing signals.
Daniel D Billadeau
doi:10.1038/ni0708-716
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsJ0EZ
Nuclear geography and allelic exclusion pp718 - 720
The mechanisms responsible for establishing allelic exclusion remain
enigmatic. New data indicate that stochastic interactions of
antigen-receptor alleles with repressive nuclear compartments
may contribute to the mechanisms that support allelic exclusion.
Cornelis Murre
doi:10.1038/ni0708-718
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsK0Ea
Basophils now enhance memory pp720 - 721
Additional immune functions of basophils have been identified in
recent years. Mack and colleagues add to this growing list by
showing that basophils enhance humoral memory responses by producing
interleukins 4 and 6 in response to specific antigen.
Toshiaki Kawakami
doi:10.1038/ni0708-720
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsL0Eb
Research Highlights p723
doi:10.1038/ni0708-723
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsM0Ec
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REVIEW
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Immunity to malaria: more questions than answers pp725 - 732
Jean Langhorne, Francis M Ndungu, Anne-Marit Sponaas and Kevin Marsh
doi:10.1038/ni.f.205
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsN0Ed
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsO0Ee
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ARTICLES
----------------------
Basophils enhance immunological memory responses pp733 - 742
Basophils are associated mainly with allergy and immune responses to
parasites. Mack and colleagues now show that 'antigen-specific'
basophils contribute to the humoral memory response by supplying
interleukins 4 and 6.
Andrea Denzel et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1621
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsP0Ef
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsQ0Eg
PTEN functions to 'prioritize' chemotactic cues and prevent
'distraction' in migrating neutrophils pp743 - 752
Leukocytes sense and move in the direction of chemoattractants.
Kubes and colleagues show that the phosphatase PTEN is required
by migrating neutrophils to 'prioritize' multiple chemoattractant
signals, as are encountered in infected tissues.
Bryan Heit et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1623
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsR0Eh
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsS0Ei
Structure of and influence of a tick complement inhibitor on human
complement component 5 pp753 - 760
Complement 5 (C5) generates the C5a anaphylatoxin and C5b, a
component of the membrane attack complex. Andersen and colleagues
present the crystal structure of C5 and identify similarities and
differences between C5 and other complement proteins.
Folmer Fredslund et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1625
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsT0Ej
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsU0Ek
A Toll-like receptor 2-integrin beta3 complex senses bacterial
lipopeptides via vitronectin pp761 - 768
Mechanisms facilitating Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand
recognition are incompletely understood. De Diego and colleagues
show that integrin beta3 and the serum protein vitronectin are
essential for responsiveness to a panel of TLR2 agonists.
Gisa Gerold et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1618
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsV0El
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsW0Em
Regulation of humoral and cellular gut immunity by lamina propria
dendritic cells expressing Toll-like receptor 5 pp769 - 776
The characteristics of the cell type(s) responsible for initiating
protective gut immune responses are not fully defined. Akira and
colleagues show that TLR5+ lamina propria dendritic cells trigger,
in a retinoic-dependent way, the production of interleukin 17 and
immunoglobulin A.
Satoshi Uematsu et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1622
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsX0En
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsY0Eo
An autonomous CDR3delta is sufficient for recognition of the
nonclassical MHC class I molecules T10 and T22 by gamma delta
T cells pp777 - 784
The molecular basis of ligand recognition by gamma delta TCRs
remains vague. Adams and colleagues show that the CDR3delta loop,
when grafted in place of a CDR3alpha loop, is sufficient to confer
gamma delta TCR specificity on an alpha beta TCR.
Erin J Adams et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1620
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BxsZ0Ep
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsa0Ew
The chromatin-remodeling enzyme BRG1 coordinates CIITA induction
through many interdependent distal enhancers pp785 - 793
The transcription factor CIITA regulates coordinated MHC class II
gene expression. Bremner and colleagues show that the
chromatin-remodeling protein BRG1 confers interferon-gamma
responsiveness on the CIITA locus by inducing the formation of
chromatin loops.
Zuyao Ni et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1619
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsb0Ex
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsc0Ey
Regulation of Tcrb recombination ordering by c-Fos-dependent RAG
deposition pp794 - 801
Developing thymocytes carry out precise assembly of D-to-J followed
by V-to-DJ rearrangements at the Tcrb locus. Liu and colleagues show
that the transcription factor Fos directs ordered temporal
recombination of D segments.
Xiaoming Wang et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1614
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsd0Ez
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxse0E1
Initiation of allelic exclusion by stochastic interaction of Tcrb
alleles with repressive nuclear compartments pp802 - 809
The influence of repressive nuclear compartments on Tcrb
rearrangement remains uncertain. Krangel and colleagues show that
frequent stochastic, rather than directed, association of Tcrb
alleles with repressive compartments promotes monoallelic
recombination at this locus.
Ryan J Schlimgen, Karen L Reddy, Harinder Singh and Michael S Krangel
doi:10.1038/ni.1624
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsf0E2
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsg0E3
The transcription factor Erg is essential for definitive hematopoiesis
and the function of adult hematopoietic stem cells pp810 - 819
Ets family transcription factors function in mammalian development.
Kile and colleagues demonstrate that the Ets family member Erg is
essential for definitive hematopoiesis and adult hematopoietic stem
cell function.
Stephen J Loughran et al.
doi:10.1038/ni.1617
Abstract: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsh0E4
Article: http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0Bxsi0E5
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ThymUS Conference 2008
9-14 November, the El San Juan Resort, San Juan, PR. Topics include a1l aspects of thymus biology, such as organogenesis, progenitors from various sources, function of the thymic microenvironment, lineage specification and lineage diversity, selection, tolerance, and homeostasis. A further emphasis is placed on disorders relating to the thymus, including autoimmunity, immunodeficiency, immunosenescence, and cancer.
For more information, visit
http://ealerts.nature.com/cgi-bin24/DM/y/elgn0Xztnp0HjR0BvJm0ER
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